Nanostructured hydroxyapatite coating for dental and orthopedic implants

\u27A high-strength coating for dental and orthopedic implants utilizing hydroxyapatite (HAp) nanoparticles provides for a high level of osseointegration through a range of surface pore sizes in the micro- to nanoscale. Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles may be incorporated with the HAp nanoparticles to form a composite coating material, with ZnO providing infection resistance due to its inherent antimicrobial properties. A textured surface, consisting of islands of roughly square coating structures measuring about 250 .mu.m on a side, with spacing of 50-100 .mu.m therebetween, may further promote the osseointegration and antimicrobial properties of the implant coating

Dielectric nanolubricant compositions

A dielectric nanolubricant composition is provided. The dielectric nanolubricant composition includes a nano-engineered lubricant additive dispersed in a base. The nano-engineered lubricant additive may include a plurality of solid lubricant nanostructures having an open-ended architecture and an organic, inorganic, and/or polymeric medium intercalated in the nanostructures and/or encapsulate nanostructures. The base may include a grease or oil such as silicone grease or oil, lithium complex grease, lithium grease, calcium sulfonate grease, silica thickened perfluoropolyether (PFPE) grease or PFPE oil, for example. This dielectric nanolubricant composition provides better corrosion and water resistance, high dielectric strength, longer material life, more inert chemistries, better surface protection and asperity penetration, no curing, no staining, and environmentally friendly, compared to current products in the market

A Comparative Study on Machining Capabilities of Wet and Dry Nanoscale Electro-machining

Presently, the nano scale electro-machining (nano-EM) process has been demonstrated in both the liquid and air dielectric mediums, which are known as wet and dry nano-EM respectively. In the current study, two important aspects of the nano-EM have been investigated: the minimum possible feature dimension and mass fabrication capability of nano-EM. Firstly, the investigation has been done on the capability of machining graphene at atomic scale with focus on obtaining smallest possible nano-feature using the wet nano-EM. Secondly, the ability of the nano-EM process for the fabrication of arrays of nano-holes has been investigated using dry nano-EM. It was found that nano-features of 3 to 4 nm could be machined in graphene surfaces revealing the atomic arrangement of carbon using the wet nano-EM process. The dry nano-EM was found to be capable of fabricating arrays of nano-features making it more suitable for mass fabrication. The field induced evaporation of materials from the tool during dry nano-EM retained the quality of tool electrode, thus making the process capable of fabricating more than 100 nano features in a single step. It was found that the material removal mechanism influenced the machining capability of the process. The mechanism of material removal in the wet nano-EM was associated with the dielectric breakdown of liquid n-decane generating intense heat for ionization, evaporation, and melting of materials. On the other hand, the material removal mechanism of dry nano-EM was associated with the breakdown of air, which generated intense heat at the gap between the nano-EM tool and the workpiece causing localized ionization and evaporation

A Comparative Study on Machining Capabilities of Wet and Dry Nanoscale Electro-machining

Presently, the nano scale electro-machining (nano-EM) process has been demonstrated in both the liquid and air dielectric mediums, which are known as wet and dry nano-EM respectively. In the current study, two important aspects of the nano-EM have been investigated: the minimum possible feature dimension and mass fabrication capability of nano-EM. Firstly, the investigation has been done on the capability of machining graphene at atomic scale with focus on obtaining smallest possible nano-feature using the wet nano-EM. Secondly, the ability of the nano-EM process for the fabrication of arrays of nano-holes has been investigated using dry nano-EM. It was found that nano-features of 3 to 4 nm could be machined in graphene surfaces revealing the atomic arrangement of carbon using the wet nano-EM process. The dry nano-EM was found to be capable of fabricating arrays of nano-features making it more suitable for mass fabrication. The field induced evaporation of materials from the tool during dry nano-EM retained the quality of tool electrode, thus making the process capable of fabricating more than 100 nano features in a single step. It was found that the material removal mechanism influenced the machining capability of the process. The mechanism of material removal in the wet nano-EM was associated with the dielectric breakdown of liquid n-decane generating intense heat for ionization, evaporation, and melting of materials. On the other hand, the material removal mechanism of dry nano-EM was associated with the breakdown of air, which generated intense heat at the gap between the nano-EM tool and the workpiece causing localized ionization and evaporation

Nanoparticle compositions and methods for making and using the same

A composition that includes solid lubricant nanoparticles and an organic medium is disclosed, as well as nanoparticles that include layered materials. Methods of producing a nanoparticle by milling layered materials and of making a lubricant are provided. The method includes milling layered materials to form nanoparticles and incorporating the nanoparticles into a base to form a lubricant

Exploring the intersection of biology and design for product innovations

Design, development, productization, and applications of advanced product concepts are pressing for higher multifunctionality, resilience, and maximization of available resources equitably to meet the growing and continuing demands of global customers. These demands have further accelerated during the recent COVID- 19 pandemic and are continuing to be a challenge. Engineering designs are one of the most effective ways to endow products with functions, resilience, and sustainability. Biology, through millions of years of evolution, has met these acute requirements under severe resource and environmental constraints. As the manufacturing of products is reaching the fundamental limits of raw materials, labor, and resource constraints in terms of availability, accessibility, and affordability, new approaches are a call to action to meet these challenges. Understanding the designs in biology is an attractive, novel, and desired frontier for learning and implementation to meet this call to action. This is the focus of the paper discussed through examples for convergence of fundamental engineering design concepts and the lessons learned and applied from biology

Method of planarizing polycrystalline diamonds, planarized polycrystalline diamonds and products made therefrom

A method of planarizing a diamond film which generally includes orifices in the surface is described. The method includes first polishing the diamond film surface to reduce the surface roughness. A filler material is applied to the surface of the film to fill the orifices in the film. The film is polished to remove excess filler material and expose the diamond film surface. Also disclosed are planarized diamond films diamond substrate having a polished surface of both diamond and filler material and a variation in thickness of less than 8 percent

Methods and apparatus for making coatings using electrostatic spray

Describe methods for creating coatings composed of a single material or a composite of multiple materials, beginning with ESC to deposit the base layer and then using other methods for the binding step beyond CVI. Also, for certain materials and applications, some pre-processing or pre-treatment of the coating materials is necessary prior to deposition in order to achieve a satisfactory coating. This application discloses methods for pre-deposition treatment of materials prior to ESC deposition. It also discloses methods for post-processing that provide additional functionality or performance characteristics of the coating. Finally, this application discloses certain apparatus and equipment for accomplishing the methods described

Nanoparticle compositions, coatings and articles made therefrom, methods of making and using said compositions, coatings and articles

Describes compositions comprising nanoparticles, microparticles, and combinations thereof, the particles may be overcoated particles. Composite coatings and coated articles made therefrom, the coatings comprising mono or multi layers having a textured outer surface morphology, the layers may be continuous and/or discontinuous and may comprise different particle phases. Methods of making and using the compositions, coatings and coated articles are described

Infinitely stackable interconnect device and method

A device having the capability for electrical, thermal, optical, and fluidic interconnections to various layers is described. Through-substrate vias in the interconnect device are filled to enable electrical and thermal connection or optionally hermetically sealed relative to other surfaces to enable fluidic or optical connection. Optionally, optical components may be placed within the region in order to manipulate optical signals. Redistribution of electrical interconnection is accomplished on both top and bottom surfaces of the substrate of the interconnect chip