Las Plazas Mayores Hispanoamericanas: análisis sistemático, tipológico y morfológico

Programa Oficial de Doutoramento en Arquitectura e Urbanismo. 5003V01Resumen] Las Plazas Mayores Hispanoamericanas constituyeron, en general, los núcleos iniciales de crecimiento de las villas y ciudades hispanocoloniales en América, tanto en los asentamientos de nueva fundación como en los asentamientos sobre preexistencias indígenas (puesto que en el caso de los segundos, la ocupación española implicó la reestructuración social y física del asentamiento). Estos núcleos, que articularon y determinaron la morfogénesis y morfología de los asentamientos, presentaron, y presentan, una gran variedad en su estructura física, especialmente cuando se analizan más allá de su contorno (de los edificios que rodean la plaza). Esta tesis analiza y describe las características morfológicas de las Plazas Mayores Hispanoamericanas, enfocándose principalmente en la fisionomía de la plaza, las características de la trama urbana en las que están insertas, las características urbanoterritoriales, y la influencia urbana de la plaza. Para ello se analiza un conjunto compuesto por 286 casos, pertenecientes a 19 países, a partir de una serie de variables y su sistematización. Los resultados de dicho análisis ofrecen una revisión homologada, sinóptica, y panóptica del objeto de estudio, y permiten corroborar una importante diversidad morfológica en las Plazas Mayores Hispanoamericanas y sus asentamientos, a un nivel nunca antes constatado.[Abstract] The Hispanic-American Main Squares were generally the initial growth centers of the Hispanic-American cities of colonial origin, both the newly founded ones and the settlements over pre-existing indigenous settlements (since in the case of the seconds, the Spanish occupation implied the social and physical restructuring of the settlement). These squares, which articulated and determined the morphogenesis and morphology of the settlements, presented, and still present, a great variety in their physical structure, especially when they are analyzed beyond their contour (the perimeter formed by the buildings that surround the square). This thesis analyzes and describes the morphological characteristics of the Hispanic- American Main Squares, focusing mainly on the physiognomy of the square, the characteristics of the urban fabric which they are inserted, the urban-territorial characteristics, and the urban influence of the square. For that, a group composed of 286 cases belonging to 19 countries is analyzed, based on a series of variables and their systematization. The results of the analysis offer a homologated, synoptic, and panoptic review of the study object, and allow us to corroborate an important morphological diversity in the Hispanic-American Main Squares and their settlements, at a level never before verified.[Resumo] As Prazas Maiores Hispanoamericanas constituíron, en xeral, os núcleos iniciais de crecemento das vilas e cidades hispano-coloniais en América, tanto nos asentamentos de nova fundación como nos asentamentos sobre preexistencias indíxenas (debido a que no caso dos segundos, a ocupación española implicou a reestruturación social e física do asentamento). Estes núcleos, que articularon e determinaron a morfoxénesis e morfoloxía dos asentamentos, presentaron, e presentan, unha gran variedade na súa estrutura física, especialmente cando se analizan máis aló do seu contorno (dos edificios que rodean a praza). Esta tese analiza e describe as características morfolóxicas das Prazas Maiores Hispanoamericanas, enfocándose principalmente na fisionomía da praza, as características da trama urbana nas que están inseres, as características urbanoterritoriais, e a influencia urbana da praza. Para iso analízase un conxunto composto por 286 casos, pertencentes a 19 países, a partir dunha serie de variables e a súa sistematización. Os resultados do análise ofrecen unha revisión homologada, sinóptica, e panóptica do obxecto de estudo, e permiten corroborar unha importante diversidade morfolóxica nas Prazas Maiores Hispanoamericanas e os seus asentamentos, a un nivel nunca antes constatado

Influence of the hispanoamerican colonial city in the Barcelona Ensanche: morphological analysis of the Cerdà Plan for Barcelona of 1859

El Ensanche de Barcelona, proyectado por el ingeniero de caminos Ildefons Cerdà en 1859, es un ejemplo notable del urbanismo del siglo XIX, cuya influencia ha llegado a otros ensanches posteriores gracias a su calidad y al avanzado pensamiento que lo generó. A pesar de la originalidad de muchos aspectos del llamado “Plan Cerdà”, este se encuentra relacionado con algunos precedentes, siendo la influencia de la ciudad colonial hispanoamericana, concretamente la del “modelo clásico” -de trazado urbano cuadricular-, la que nos interesa analizar aquí. ¿De qué manera entonces tomó Cerdà como referencia las ciudades hispanoamericanas para diseñar su propuesta para el ensanche de Barcelona? Bajo la hipótesis de que la influencia es explicita en lo que se refiere a forma, orden, ocupación del espacio, y capacidad de expansión, e implícita -pero evidente- en cuanto al ancho de las calles y el tamaño de las manzanas, el objetivo principal de la investigación es exponer evidencias que hacen verosímil la posible influencia de las ciudades hispanoamericanas en el diseño del Plan Cerdà.The Barcelona's Extension, designed by the road engineer Ildefons Cerdà in 1859, is a notable example of nineteenth-century urbanism, whose influence has reached other subsequent city extensions thanks to its quality and the advanced thinking that generated it. Despite the originality of many aspects of the so-called "Plan Cerdà", this is related to some precedents, being the influence of the Spanish-American colonial city, specifically that of the "classic model" (of urban grid layout), which interests us to analyze here. In what way did Cerdà take as a reference the Spanish-American cities to design his proposal for the widening of Barcelona? Under the hypothesis that the influence is explicit in terms of form, order, occupation of space, and capacity for expansion, and implicit -but evident- in terms of the width of the streets and the size of the apples, the research main objective is to expose evidence that make likely the possible influence of Spanish-American cities on the design of the Cerdà Plan.Peer Reviewe

Olive oil polyphenols decrease LDL concentrations and LDL atherogenicity in men in a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Olive oil polyphenols have shown protective effects on cardiovascular risk factors. Their consumption decreased oxidative stress biomarkers and improved some features of the lipid profile. However, their effects on LDL concentrations in plasma and LDL atherogenicity have not yet been elucidated. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to assess whether the consumption of olive oil polyphenols could decrease LDL concentrations [measured as apolipoprotein B-100 (apo B-100) concentrations and the total number of LDL particles] and atherogenicity (the number of small LDL particles and LDL oxidizability) in humans. METHODS: The study was a randomized, cross-over controlled trial in 25 healthy European men, aged 20-59 y, in the context of the EUROLIVE (Effect of Olive Oil Consumption on Oxidative Damage in European Populations) study. Volunteers ingested 25 mL/d raw low-polyphenol-content olive oil (LPCOO; 366 mg/kg) or high-polyphenol-content olive oil (HPCOO; 2.7 mg/kg) for 3 wk. Interventions were preceded by 2-wk washout periods. Effects of olive oil polyphenols on plasma LDL concentrations and atherogenicity were determined in the sample of 25 men. Effects on lipoprotein lipase (LPL) gene expression were assessed in another sample of 18 men from the EUROLIVE study. RESULTS: Plasma apo B-100 concentrations and the number of total and small LDL particles decreased (mean ± SD: by 5.94% ± 16.6%, 11.9% ± 12.0%, and 15.3% ± 35.1%, respectively) from baseline after the HPCOO intervention. These changes differed significantly from those after the LPCOO intervention, which resulted in significant increases of 6.39% ± 16.6%, 4.73% ± 22.0%, and 13.6% ± 36.4% from baseline (P < 0.03). LDL oxidation lag time increased by 5.0% ± 10.3% from baseline after the HPCOO intervention, which was significantly different only relative to preintervention values (P = 0.038). LPL gene expression tended to increase by 26% from baseline after the HPCOO intervention (P = 0.08) and did not change after the LPCOO intervention. CONCLUSION: The consumption of olive oil polyphenols decreased plasma LDL concentrations and LDL atherogenicity in healthy young men. This trial was registered at www.controlled-trials.com as ISRCTN09220811.his work was funded by the AGAUR (2014-SGR-240), the CICYT-FEDER (AGL2009-13517-C03-01), the European Commission (QLRT-2001-00287), FIS programs (PI070759 and PI11/01647), FPI fellowship program (BES-2010-040766), FPU fellowship program (FPU12/01318) and Miguel Servet’s contract (CP06/00100). The CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN)is an initiative of the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spai