Resistance to Fusarium verticillioides and fumonisin accumulation in maize inbred lines involves an earlier and enhanced expression of lipoxygenase (LOX) genes.

Fusarium verticillioides causes ear rot in maize and contaminates the kernels with the fumonisin myco-toxins. It is known that plant lipoxygenase (LOX)-derived oxylipins regulate defence against pathogensand that the host-pathogen lipid cross-talk influences the pathogenesis. The expression profiles of fif-teen genes of the LOX pathway were studied in kernels of resistant and susceptible maize lines, grownin field condition, at 3, 7 and 14 days post inoculation (dpi) with F. verticillioides. Plant defence responseswere correlated with the pathogen growth, the expression profiles of fungal FUM genes for fumonisinbiosynthesis and fumonisin content in the kernels. The resistant genotype limited fungal growth andfumonisin accumulation between 7 and 14 dpi. Pathogen growth became exponential in the susceptibleline after 7 dpi, in correspondence with massive transcription of FUM genes and fumonisins augmentedexponentially at 14 dpi. LOX pathway genes resulted strongly induced after pathogen inoculation in theresistant line at 3 and 7 dpi, whilst in the susceptible line the induction was reduced or delayed at 14 dpi.In addition, all genes resulted overexpressed before infection in kernels of the resistant genotype alreadyat 3 dpi. The results suggest that resistance in maize may depend on an earlier activation of LOX genesand genes for jasmonic acid biosynthesis

Antifungal Activity of Type III Dental Gypsum Incorporated with 3-iodo-2- Propynyl-Butylcarbamate

The fungal growth on dental model can damage and affect the physical appearance of the gypsum. Fungi can be transferred among patients and dental personnel. Moreover, they relate to numerous illnesses. Thus, the development of antifungal dental gypsum is required to avoid the fungal growth on dental models. This study evaluated antifungal properties of 3-iodo-2-propynyl-butylcarbamate (IPBC) incorporated into type III dental gypsum. Three types of dental gypsum (Sirius, Ultima, France, 0.005% w/w IPBC and non-IPBC Siam Moulding Plaster, Thailand) were tested according to modified ASTM G 21-96 method with Penicillium notatum MI-311, Aspergillus flavus MI-321, and Aspergillus spp. isolated from orthodontic models. 50 μL of spore suspension of each fungus (104CFU/mL) was dropped on the prepared gypsum samples and incubated at room temperature, ≥85% relative humidity for 28 days. Fungal growth was visually scored. No fungal growth was observed on IPBC gypsum while 2 strains of Aspergillus spp. could be found on sirius gypsum. Type III dental gypsum incorporated with IPBC shows significant antifungal activity (p < .001) compared with non-IPBC and Sirius groups. This developed gypsum with IPBC can be used to fabricate dental models to prevent any damages from fungal growth

Experience of transcranial micropolarization brain young children with fetal alcohol syndrome

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) - a stable complex congenital defects, defects and developmental disorders that occur during the prenatal period under the influence of ethanol. A therapeutic effect by transcranial micropolarization (TCMP) of the brain in 13 children with FAS in comparison. TCMP method in children with FAS is synchronizing effect on the mechanisms of neuroendocrine regulation of the circadian activity of the brain that leads to the effect of normalization of altered sleep-wake cycle.Фетальный алкогольный синдром (ФАС) -устойчивый комплекс врожденных дефектов, пороков и нарушений развития, возникающих во внутриутробный период под воздействием этилового спирта. Проведено терапевтическое воздействие методом транскраниальной микрополяризации (ТКМП) головного мозга у 13 детей с ФАС в сравнении. Метод ТКМП у детей с ФАС имеет синхронизирующий эффект на механизмы нейроэндокринной регуляции циркадной активности мозга, что приводит к эффекту нормализации измененного цикла сон-бодрствование

Simultaneous determination of Deoxynivalenol, Deoxynivalenol-3-Glucoside and Nivalenol in wheat grains by HPLC-PDA with immunoaffinity column cleanup

Deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (D3G) is a modified mycotoxin formed by the metabolism of plants through the conjugation of deoxynivalenol (DON) with glucose. Toxicology studies of D3G for human and animal health are still under investigation, and the development of practical and reliable methods for its direct determination, especially in cereal matrices, is of great importance. In the present study, a methodology for simultaneous determination of D3G, DON, and nivalenol (NIV) in wheat grains, using immunoaffinity column (IAC) cleanup, separation by C18 column and detection by ultraviolet (UV) absorption, was optimized and in-house validated. The results demonstrated adequate values of D3G recovery from IAC and spiked samples. Intraday precision, linearity, limit of detection and limit of quantification (LOQ) were also adequate for the determination of these mycotoxins. Range of applicability varied from 47.1 to 1000 g/kg for D3G and from 31.3 to 1000 g/kg for DON and NIV, with recovery ranging from 84.7±7.2 % to 112.3±8.1Felipe Trombete is grateful for a doctoral fellowship provided by the Brazilian Federal Agency for Support and Evaluation of Graduate Education (CAPES)

Biological response of an in vitro human 3D lung cell model exposed to brake wear debris varies based on brake pad formulation

Wear particles from automotive friction brake pads of various sizes, morphology, and chemical composition are significant contributors towards particulate matter. Knowledge concerning the potential adverse effects following inhalation exposure to brake wear debris is limited. Our aim was, therefore, to generate brake wear particles released from commercial low-metallic and non-asbestos organic automotive brake pads used in mid-size passenger cars by a full-scale brake dynamometer with an environmental chamber simulating urban driving and to deduce their potential hazard in vitro. The collected fractions were analysed using scanning electron microscopy via energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and Raman microspectroscopy. The biological impact of the samples was investigated using a human 3D multicellular model consisting of human epithelial cells (A549) and human primary immune cells (macrophages and dendritic cells) mimicking the human epithelial tissue barrier. The viability, morphology, oxidative stress, and (pro-)inflammatory response of the cells were assessed following 24 h exposure to similar to 12, similar to 24, and similar to 48 A mu g/cm(2) of non-airborne samples and to similar to 3.7 A mu g/cm(2) of different brake wear size fractions (2-4, 1-2, and 0.25-1 A mu m) applying a pseudo-air-liquid interface approach. Brake wear debris with low-metallic formula does not induce any adverse biological effects to the in vitro lung multicellular model. Brake wear particles from non-asbestos organic formulated pads, however, induced increased (pro-)inflammatory mediator release from the same in vitro system. The latter finding can be attributed to the different particle compositions, specifically the presence of anatase.Web of Science9272351233

Risks to human and animal health related to the presence of moniliformin in food and feed

The CONTAM Panel wishes to acknowledge all European competent authorities and other stakeholders that provided occurrence data on moniliformin in food and feed, and supported the consumption data collection for the Comprehensive European Food Consumption Database. Adopted: 21 November 2017Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Statement on the risks for public health related to a possible increase of the maximum level of deoxynivalenol for certain semi-processed cereal products

The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the risks for public health related to a possible increase of the maximum level (ML) of deoxynivalenol (DON) for certain semi-processed cereal products from 750 µg/kg to 1000 µg/kg. For this statement, EFSA relied on existing occurrence data on DON in food collected between 2007 and 2012 and reported by 21 European countries. Due to the lack of appropriate occurrence data from pre-market monitoring, the impact of increasing the ML was estimated using a simulation approach, resulting in an expected increase in mean levels of the respective food products by a factor of 1.14-1.16. Based on median chronic exposure in several age classes, the percentage of consumers exceeding the group provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (PMTDI) of 1 μg/kg body weight (b.w.) for the sum of DON and its 3- and 15-acetyl-derivatives, established by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) in 2010, is approximately 2-fold higher with the suggested increased ML than with the current ML. Several acute exposure scenarios resulted in exceedance of the group acute reference dose (ARfD) of 8 µg/kg b.w. established by JECFA with up to 25.9 % of the consumption days above the group ARfD. The EFSA Scientific Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain notes that the group health based guidance values (HBGVs) include 3-Ac-DON and 15-Ac-DON. The exposure from the acetyl-derivatives has not been covered in this statement, since the acetyl-derivatives are not included in the current or suggested increased ML and because only few occurrence data are available. An increase of the DON ML can be expected to be associated with an increase of the levels of DON and Ac-DONs, and can therefore increase the exposure and consequently the exceedances of the group HBGVs

Risks to human and animal health related to the presence of deoxynivalenol and its acetylated and modified forms in food and feed

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin primarily produced by Fusarium fungi, occurring predominantly in cereal grains. Following the request of the European Commission, the CONTAM Panel assessed the risk to animal and human health related to DON, 3-acetyl-DON (3-Ac-DON), 15-acetyl-DON (15-Ac-DON) and DON-3-glucoside in food and feed. A total of 27,537, 13,892, 7,270 and 2,266 analytical data for DON, 3-Ac-DON, 15-Ac-DON and DON-3-glucoside, respectively, in food, feed and unprocessed grains collected from 2007 to 2014 were used. For human exposure, grains and grain-based products were main sources, whereas in farm and companion animals, cereal grains, cereal by-products and forage maize contributed most. DON is rapidly absorbed, distributed, and excreted. Since 3-Ac-DON and 15-Ac-DON are largely deacetylated and DON-3-glucoside cleaved in the intestines the same toxic effects as DON can be expected. The TDI of 1 μg/kg bw per day, that was established for DON based on reduced body weight gain in mice, was therefore used as a group-TDI for the sum of DON, 3-Ac-DON, 15-Ac-DON and DON-3-glucoside. In order to assess acute human health risk, epidemiological data from mycotoxicoses were assessed and a group-ARfD of 8 μg/kg bw per eating occasion was calculated. Estimates of acute dietary exposures were below this dose and did not raise a health concern in humans. The estimated mean chronic dietary exposure was above the group-TDI in infants, toddlers and other children, and at high exposure also in adolescents and adults, indicating a potential health concern. Based on estimated mean dietary concentrations in ruminants, poultry, rabbits, dogs and cats, most farmed fish species and horses, adverse effects are not expected. At the high dietary concentrations, there is a potential risk for chronic adverse effects in pigs and fish and for acute adverse effects in cats and farmed mink

Bakterialni testy mutagenity - metody biologickeho screeningu detekce genotoxickych kontaminant prostredi

The subject of this work is the genotoxicity detection of chemical substances using bacterial mutagenicity tests. Present approaches to evaluation of xenobiotics mutagenicity are analysed. The place of short-term mutagenicity tests in the genotoxicity screening is also characterized. The work evaluates the predicative value of the mutagenicity test using bacteria strains and strives to objectify their application. The current contamination of our environment by genotoxics is briefly described. Then, conclusions are driven based on a research done during many years of the authors experiments in the area of chemical substances mutagenicity evaluation using the Amest test and SOS Chromotest. It brings together the results of partial studies focused on standardization of methodologies and ensuring objectiveness of the test results. The conclusions are drawn with the aim to show the broad usage of the bacterial mutagenicity tests to monitor genotoxicity of complex substance mixtures that contaminate specific environmental segments and also its broad usage in complex ecological studies that monitor the process and effectiveness of the biodegradation and origination of the mutagenic residues. The work also demonstrates how the research in the area of mutagenicity detection using bacterial tests enables to level the quality of university students education in the area of biological studies.Summary in EnglishAvailable from STL, Prague, CZ / NTK - National Technical LibrarySIGLECZCzech Republi

Mузыкальный театр: сущность, специфика, функции

Straipsnyje analizuojama edukacinė teatro funkcija, betarpiško vaikų bei paauglių dalyvavimo spektaklio kūrime procesas. Išvados pateikiamos remiantis Minsko teatro studijos eksperimentu, kai apie keturis šimtus 5-10-ųjų klasių moksleivių dalyvavo statant vaikišką operą.В статье анализируется эдукационная функция театра, процесс непосредственного участия детей и подростков в театральном творчестве. Подводятся итоги эксперимента при постановке детской оперы в Минске с участием почти 400 школьников из классов