Estimated pretreatment hemodynamic prognostic factors of aneurysm recurrence after endovascular embolization.

BACKGROUND:Hemodynamic factors play important roles in aneurysm recurrence after endovascular treatment. OBJECTIVE:Predicting the risk of recurrence by hemodynamic analysis using an untreated aneurysm model is important because such prediction is required before treatment. METHODS:We retrospectively analyzed hemodynamic factors associated with aneurysm recurrence from pretreatment models of five recurrent and five stable posterior communicating artery (Pcom) aneurysms with no significant differences in aneurysm volume, coil packing density, or sizes of the dome, neck, or Pcom. Hemodynamic factors of velocity ratio, flow rate, pressure ratio, and wall shear stress were investigated. RESULTS:Among the hemodynamic factors investigated, velocity ratio and flow rate of the Pcom showed significant differences between the recurrence group and stable group (0.630 ± 0.062 and 0.926 ± 0.051, P= 0.016; 56.4 ± 8.9 and 121.6 ± 6.7, P= 0.008, respectively). CONCLUSIONS:Our results suggest that hemodynamic factors may be associated with aneurysm recurrence among Pcom aneurysms. Velocity and flow rate in the Pcom may be a pretreatment prognostic factor for aneurysm recurrence after endovascular treatment

Mammalian hairy and Enhancer of Split Homolog 1 Regulates Differentiation of Retinal Neurons and Is Essential for Eye Morphogenesis

AbstractMammalian hairy and Enhancer of split homolog 1 (HES1), a basic helix-loop-helix factor gene, is expressed in retinal progenitor cells, and its expression decreases as differentiation proceeds. Retinal progenitor cells infected with HES1-transducing retrovirus did not differentiate into mature retinal cells, suggesting that persistent expression of HES1 blocks retinal development. In contrast, in the retina of HES1-null mutant mice, differentiation was accelerated, and rod and horizontal cells appeared prematurely and formed abnormal rosette-like structures. Lens and cornea development was also severely disturbed. Furthermore, in the mutant retina, bipolar cells extensively died and finally disappeared. These studies provide evidence that HES1 regulates differentiation of retinal neurons and is essential for eye morphogenesis

看護る者のまなざしの検討1

看護臨床において、主観的データの重要性が指摘されている。主観的データを扱う上では、看護る者のまなざしの検討が重要である。そこでナースの内観を記述したものをデータとし、次のような視点で検討した。（1）看護る者のまなざしがどこを見ているのか。（2）どのような感情で見ているのか。その結果、以下のことが分かった。（1）看護る者のまなざしが患者のまなざしに取り込まれていき、両者の関係が作られていくこと。（2）看護チームの中の役割において、まなざしを変えていく必要があること。（3）看護る者のまなざしが、患者のQuality of Life（以下QOL）に向けられる必要があること。今後の課題は、以下の点である。（1）看護る者のまなざしの種類と方向が、患者のQOL向上に及ぼす影響。（2）看護る者のまなざしの種類と方向が、患者-看護婦関係に及ぼす影響。（3）看護る者の側が、自己のプライベートな部分を、看護に持ち込むときの方法と限界。（4）チームでアプローチしていく場合の、それぞれのまなざしの方向と、関わり方のバランス。（5）「まなざし」に焦点を当てて検討していくのに良い看護記録のスタイル

Chronology Protection and Non-Naked Singularity

We test the chronology protection conjecture in classical general relativity by investigating finitely vicious space-times. First we present singularity theorems in finitely vicious space-times by imposing some restrictions on the chronology violating sets. In the theorems we can refer to the location of an occurring singularity and do not assume any asymptotic conditions such as the existence of null infinities. Further introducing the concept of a non-naked singularity, we show that a restricted class of chronology violations cannot arise if all occurring singularities are the non-naked singularities. Our results suggest that the causal feature of the occurring singularities is the key to prevent the appearance of causality violation.Comment: 17 pages including 3 eps figures. Accepted for publication in Classical and Quantum Gravit

Upper bound for entropy in asymptotically de Sitter space-time

We investigate nature of asymptotically de Sitter space-times containing a black hole. We show that if the matter fields satisfy the dominant energy condition and the cosmic censorship holds in the considering space-time, the area of the cosmological event horizon for an observer approaching a future timelike infinity does not decrease, i.e. the second law is satisfied. We also show under the same conditions that the total area of the black hole and the cosmological event horizon, a quarter of which is the total Bekenstein-Hawking entropy, is less than $12\pi/\Lambda$, where $\Lambda$ is a cosmological constant. Physical implications are also discussed.Comment: 9 pages, REVTeX,2 figures; to be published in Phys.Rev.