The role of dental practitioners in provider initiated HIV counseling and testing (PITC) for patients attending dental practices in Harare, Zimbabwe

A CAJM research article on HIV/AIDS counseling from a dentist' perspective in Zimbabwe.The Ministry of Health and Child Welfare, Zimbabwe introduced voluntary counseling and testing (VCT)in 1999 and the HIV counseling and testing services have since expanded to include provider initiated testing and counseling (PITC) as recommended by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC).1'2 There should be routine offering of HIV testing and mandatory screening for HIV and diagnostic HIV testing unless the patient opt outs, in hospital locations such as emergency departments where persons who do not otherwise access HIV testing seek health care services.3 Thus it is imperative that health care workers who have initial contact with the patient are equipped with HIV testing and counseling skills so as to limit the referral of patients from one provider to another within the same health facility

The strategically located land index support sys- tem for human settlements land reform in South Africa

Abstract Creating sustainable human settlements is fundamental in fostering spatial and socio-economic integration in South Africa. Policy makers are often faced with the problem of identifying strategically located land for human settlements land reform in South Africa. To date there is no tool or standard framework that assist the government to identify land that is strategically located for land reform. This study proposes the use of geographic information systems (GIS), earth observation (EO) data and multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) to develop a strategically located land index (SLLI) deployed in a web viewer to identify land that is smart for human settlements land reform. The study demonstrates that using the GIS and EO and the GIS webserver are invaluable tools in facilitating streamlined, coordinated, standardised and evidence-based decisions for human settlements land reform. However, there is need for capacity building in government departments responsible for land reform and development plannin

The social cognition of medical knowledge, with special reference to childhood epilepsy

This paper arose out of an engagement in medical communication courses at a Gulf university. It deploys a theoretical framework derived from a (critical) sociocognitive approach to discourse analysis in order to investigate three aspects of medical discourse relating to childhood epilepsy: the cognitive processes that are entailed in relating different types of medical knowledge to their communicative context; the types of medical knowledge that are constituted in the three different text types analysed; and the relationship between these different types of medical knowledge and the discursive features of each text type. The paper argues that there is a cognitive dimension to the human experience of understanding and talking about one specialized from of medical knowledge. It recommends that texts be studied in medical communication courses not just in terms of their discrete formal features but also critically, in terms of the knowledge which they produce, transmit and reproduce

Language policy and orthographic harmonization across linguistic, ethnic and national boundaries in Southern Africa

Drawing on online and daily newspapers, speakers' language and writing practices, official government documents and prescribed spelling systems in Southern Africa, the paper explores the challenges and possibilities of orthographic reforms allowing for mobility across language clusters, ethnicity, regional and national borders. I argue that this entails a different theorisation of language, and for orthographies that account for the translocations and diasporic nature of late modern African identities and lifestyles. I suggest an ideological shift from prescriptivism to practice-orientated approaches to harmonisation in which orthographies are based on descriptions of observable writing practices in the mobile linguistic universe. The argument for orthographic reforms is counterbalanced with an expose on current language policies which appear designed for an increasing rare monoglot 'standard' speaker, who speaks only a 'tribal' language. The implications of the philosophical challenges this poses for linguists, language planners and policy makers are thereafter discussed.IS

Methyl 4-phenyl-1,2,3,3a,4,4a,5,12c-octa­hydronaphtho[1′,2′:3,2]furo[5,4-b]pyrrolizine-4a-carboxyl­ate

In the title compound, C26H25NO3, both pyrrolidine rings adopt envelope conformations, whereas the dihydro­pyran ring adopts a half-chair conformation. The phenyl ring is oriented at an angle of 27.9 (1)° with respect to the naphthalene ring system. An intra­molecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bond is observed. The crystal packing is stabilized by weak inter­molecular C—H⋯π inter­actions

Epistemological access through lecture materials in multiple modes and language varieties: the role of ideologies and multilingual literacy practices in student evaluations of such materials at a South African University

This paper seeks to address the ways in which ideology and literacy practices shape the responses of students to an ongoing initiative at the University of the Western Cape aimed at diversifying options for epistemological access, specifically the language varieties and the modes in which parts of the curriculum for a third year linguistics module are delivered. Students’ responses to the materials in English and in two varieties of Afrikaans and isiXhosa (as mediated in writing vs orally) are determined, and used as basis to problematize decisions on language variety and mode in language diversification initiatives in Higher Education in South Africa. The findings of the paper are juxtaposed against particular group interests in the educational use of a language as well as differences in the affordances and impact of different modes of language use. The paper suggests that beyond the euphoria of using languages other than English in South African Higher Education, several issues (such as entrenched language practices, beliefs and language management orientations) require attention if the goals of transformation in this sector are to be attained

White Gold : Opportunities for Dairy Sector Development Collaboration in East Africa

A study of the dairy sector in six East African countries was followed by a dairy expert consultation in Uganda in April 2014. The objective of the initiative was to explore possibilities to improve coordination among development agencies, investors and other value chain stakeholders and governments, and for creating synergy within and between the different countries. This report describes outcomes of both study and consultation and is intended to serve as a reference document for all stakeholders. It includes recommendations and priority actions that should enable stakeholders to capitalize on the opportunities in the East African dairy sector and clarify the roles of various partners in this endeavour (donors, public sector, and private sector). Study and consultation were initiated by the Inter-Agency Donor Group (IADG) on pro-poor livestock research and development. Report CDI-14-00

Macro-language planning for multilingual education : focus on programmes and provision

This overview identifies some common features of macro-level language planning and briefly summarises the changing approaches to the analysis of macro-planning in the field. It previews six cases of language-in-education planning in response to linguistic diversity presented by the contributors to this issue. The cases show how macro-planning can either fail to recognise diverse ethnolinguistic identities or work to acknowledge them. Three common themes in language planning for multilingual education can be identified from the contributions: (i) top-down definitions of what counts as mother tongue can have both intended and unintended outcomes; (ii) language-as-problem responses to linguistic diversity can work to reinforce social exclusion; and (iii) the acknowledgement of diversity and minority language rights needs to flow through from statements of intent to on-the-ground implementation if they are to become a reality

Global Englishes language teaching:Bottom-up curriculum implementation

In today's globalised world, the needs of English language learners have changed, particularly those learning to use the English language as a lingua franca. Growing research showcasing the global use of English as a lingua franca (ELF), the creativity of ELF users, and the diverse ways in which they negotiate successful communication in multilingual encounters has numerous implications for the field of TESOL. This article reports on a study with preservice and in‐service TESOL practitioners taking a Global Englishes for Language Teaching (GELT) option course in a 1‐year Master's in TESOL programme at a Russell Group university in the United Kingdom. The study explores attitudes towards GELT but also towards the proposals for, and barriers to, curriculum innovation as well as factors influencing such attitudes. Interviews (n = 21) and questionnaires (n = 47) revealed that attitudes remain norm bound, yet the study revealed a positive orientation towards GELT and provided insights into the feasibility of GELT‐related curriculum innovation and teacher education syllabus design. The study calls for more research with preservice and in‐service TESOL practitioners at different stages of the innovation process to ensure successful and sustainable GELT curricular innovation