Self-etch Adhesive Systems: A Literature Review

This paper presents the state of the art of self-etch adhesive systems. Four topics are shown in this review and included: the historic of this category of bonding agents, bonding mechanism, characteristics/properties and the formation of acid-base resistant zone at enamel/dentin-adhesive interfaces. Also, advantages regarding etch-and-rinse systems and classifications of self-etch adhesive systems according to the number of steps and acidity are addressed. Finally, issues like the potential durability and clinical importance are discussed. Self-etch adhesive systems are promising materials because they are easy to use, bond chemically to tooth structure and maintain the dentin hydroxyapatite, which is important for the durability of the bonding.261310Brudevold, F., Buonocore, M., Wileman, W., A report on a resin composition capable of bonding to human dentin surfaces (1956) J Dent Res, 35, pp. 846-851Kramer, J., McLan, J.W., Alterations in the staining reactions of dentine resulting from a constituent of a new self-polymerizing resin (1952) Brit Dent J, 93, pp. 150-153Chigira, H., Yukitani, W., Hasegawa, T., Manabe, A., Itoh, K., Hayakawa, T., Debari, K., Hisamitsu, H., Self-etching dentin primers containing Phenyl-P (1994) J Dent Res, 73, pp. 1088-1095Watanabe, I., Nakabayashi, N., Pashley, D.H., Bonding to ground dentin by a phenyl-P self-etching primer (1994) J Dent Res, 73, pp. 1212-1220Van Landuyt, K.L., Snauwaert, J., De Munck, J., Peumans, M., Yoshida, Y., Poitevin, A., Systematic review of the chemical composition of contemporary dental adhesives (2007) Biomaterials, 28, pp. 3757-3785Tay, F.R., King, N.M., Chan, K., Pashley, D.H., How can nanoleakage occur in self-etching adhesive systems that demineralize and infiltrate simultaneously? 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Endogenous Galectin-9 Suppresses Apoptosis in Human Rheumatoid Arthritis Synovial Fibroblasts

Galectin-9 (Gal9) has been postulated to have anti-infammatory properties based on the ability of exogenous Gal9 to induce apoptosis in synovial fbroblasts in animal models of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Here we aimed to assess the potential role of endogenous Galectins, including Gal9, in the infammatory pathology of the RA synovium in humans. Firstly expression of Galectins 1–9 was determined in synovial fbroblasts (RASF) and dermal fbroblasts (DF) isolated from RA patients, the latter representing a non-infamed site. We then further challenged the cells with pro-infammatory TLR agonists and cytokines and assessed Galectin expression. Gal9 was found to be diferentially and abundantly expressed in RASF compared to DF. Agonists of TLR3 and TLR4, along with IFNgamma were also found to induce Gal9 expression in RASF. siRNA was then used to knock-down Gal9 expression in RASF and the efects of this on apoptosis and cell viability were assessed. Increased apoptosis was observed in RASF following Gal9 knock-down. We conclude that, unlike exogenous Gal9, endogenous Gal9 is protective against apoptosis and enhances synovial fbroblast viability suggesting that its role in RA is both pathogenic and pro-infammatory

On the nitrogen-induced lattice expansion of a non-stainless austenitic steel, Invar 36®, under triode plasma nitriding

Chromium, as a strong nitride-forming element, is widely regarded to be an “essential” ingredient for the formation of a nitrogen-expanded lattice in thermochemical nitrogen diffusion treatments of austenitic (stainless) steels. In this article, a proprietary “chrome-free” austenitic iron-nickel alloy, Invar® 36 (Fe-36Ni, in wt pct), is characterized after triode plasma nitriding (TPN) treatments at 400 °C to 450 °C and compared with a “stainless” austenitic counterpart RA 330® (Fe-19Cr-35Ni, in wt pct) treated under equivalent nitriding conditions. Cr does indeed appear to play a pivotal role in colossal nitrogen supersaturation (and hence anisotropic lattice expansion and superior surface hardening) of austenitic steel under low-temperature (≤ 450 °C) nitrogen diffusion. Nevertheless, this work reveals that nitrogen-induced lattice expansion occurs below the nitride-containing surface layer in Invar 36 alloy after TPN treatment, implying that Cr is not a necessity for the nitrogen-interstitial induced lattice expansion phenomenon to occur, also suggesting another type of γN

The effect of different step-size on the visualization of crystallographic defects using SEM/EBSD technique

Crystallographic grains and defects play an important role in many fundamental processes, such as grain growth and recrystallization, damage, and plastic deformation. Due to the importance of these processes, there is considerable interest in characterizing the crystallographic orientation and grain boundary distribution of crystalline materials. In this study, crystallographic defects such as dislocation arrays and grain boundaries and their orientations were investigated in a commercial polycrystalline copper sample using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) mapping combined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). EBSD was used to determine the local orientations at individual points of a regular grid on a planar surface of a specimen. From the orientation differences between neighboring points, the lattice curvature and dislocation density tensor were derived, and the dislocation density distribution accompanying the crystallographic defects was significantly dependent on the SEM/EBSD step size associated with the spatial resolution

R&D decision support by parallel assessment of economic, ecological and social impact - adipic acid from renewable resources versus adipic acid from crude oil

The concept of eco-efficiency has largely been applied along these years. This study proposes the earlier application of this concept, namely the R&D stage of a product. Together with the economic and ecological assessment, the social impacts were analysed in the production of adipic acid from renewable resources. Conventional adipic acid based on crude oil served as a benchmark. The work was carried out within the frame of the EU funded project BIOFOAM. The ecological aspects were addressed in the Life Cycle Perspective by performing a Life Cycle Assessment. The economic impacts were assessed by the application of the Life Cycle Costing under a 'total production cost' perspective. In this case, the addressee is interested in several steps of the value chain, but only of the steps that are related to the consortium as a single player in the value chain. The Life Cycle Working Environment method was used to assess the social impacts. Data sources were based on the project consortium, literature and statistics. Despite of the fact that the conventional routes still outperform the new bio-source based adipic acid, the application of this methodology has shown as successful way of identifying problem fields and paving further research

Morules and morule‐like features associated with carcinomas in various organs: report with immunohistochemical and molecular studies

BACKGROUND: Morules have been reported in pulmonary blastoma (PB), well differentiated fetal adenocarcinoma of the lung (WDFA), and uterine endometrioid carcinoma (EC), and rarely in other carcinomas. β Catenin gene mutation has been associated with morule formation. AIMS: To compare and clarify the cellular characteristics of morules in carcinomas in various organs and show that morules are distinct from epithelial cellular nodules. METHODS: Twenty tumours were studied: two PBs, three WDFAs, three papillary lung adenocarcinomas, 11 ECs, and one papillary thyroid carcinoma. Numerous epithelial cell, oncofetal, and neuropeptide antibodies were used for immunohistochemistry. β Catenin gene mutation was investigated. RESULTS: Morules in PBs and ECs were uniform cell clusters distinct from squamous differentiation. All were immunonegative for epithelial cell and oncofetal antigens, but those in ECs were positive for neurone specific enolase γ (NSEγ). Synaptophysin, encephalin, and somatostatin were sporadically immunopositive in PB morules. Morules were not seen in the other carcinomas and WDFAs, although morule‐like features closely resembling morules histopathologically were seen. These were positive for epithelial cell and oncofetal antigens, and showed squamous differentiation. Their nuclei were more atypical and slightly larger than those in morules. Morule‐like features were seen in WDFAs. β Catenin gene mutation was demonstrated in one EC and PB, and in two WDFAs. CONCLUSION: Morules were non‐epithelial cell clusters showing neuronal differentiation. There were two types: endometrioid type, expressing NSEγ, and blastoma type, expressing neuropeptides. In contrast, similar morule‐like features were epithelial nodules. Although the number of cases was small, the presence of morules showed no clear prognostic correlations