Charakterystyka postawy ciała dzieci w wieku przedszkolnym regionu bydgoskiego = Characteristics of body posture of Bydgoszcz region pre-school children

Mieszkowska Monika, Kochanowicz Magdalena, Garbin Michał, Srokowski Grzegorz, Tomczyk Maja, Maciejewski Jerzy. Charakterystyka postawy ciała dzieci w wieku przedszkolnym regionu bydgoskiego =Characteristics of body posture of Bydgoszcz region pre-school children. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2016;6(8):637-652. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.61120http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/3795   The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 755 (23.12.2015).755 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7© The Author (s) 2016;This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, PolandOpen Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited.This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercialuse, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited.The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.Received: 05.08.2016. Revised 25.08.2016. Accepted: 28.08.2016.  Charakterystyka postawy ciała dzieci w wieku przedszkolnym regionu bydgoskiegoCharacteristics of body posture of Bydgoszcz region pre-school children Monika Mieszkowskaa, Magdalena Kochanowicz b, Michał Garbin c, Grzegorz Srokowski c, Maja Tomczyk b, Jerzy Maciejewskid a Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poznan, Poland  b Jędrzej Śniadecki Academy of Physical Education and Sport in Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Polandc Nicolaus Copernicus University Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Bydgoszcz, Poland`d Multi-Municipal Hospital. Dr. E. Warminski in Bydgoszcz, Bydgoszcz, Poland  Key words: faulty postures, body mass index, Lovett testing, corrective gymnastics,Słowa kluczowe: wady postawy, BMI, testowanie Lovetta, gimnastyka korekcyjna, AbstractIntroduction. The problem of postures faults concerns on the increasing number of children at younger age and significantly affecting their health. Early diagnosis and its correction allow achieving measurable effects influencing on the quality of life in adulthood. The aim of the study was to assess the selected posture parameters of preschool children. Furthermore the aim was to determine their impact of postures faults on the muscle strength of selected muscle groups.Material/Methods. 50 preschool children, 23 girls and 27 boys (average age 5.34 (± 1.09) years) attending to a non-public kindergarten "Ludzikowo" in Bydgoszcz were examined. The study was conducted in the period from January to March 2013 and consisted of three parts: a questionnaire (diagnostic survey), anthropometric survey (weight, height, BMI), visual analyzes - qualitative method (comparison of posture to the reference), assessment of muscle strength of selected muscle groups using a Lovett testing.Results. The study group showed abnormalities at least in one element of the body posture. In the anterior and lateral projection 90%, in the rear projection 96% of examined children showed the presence of posture faults. A comprehensive body structure and posture analysis according to Staffel method showed that only 62% qualify for the so-called normal pattern of body posture. No statistically significant differences in muscle strength were found in whole group.Conclusions. Utility and the simplicity of proposed assessing methods enables their widespread and early uses in preschool children body posture analyzes. The presence of postures faults in preschool age children does not affect their level of muscle strength.  StreszczenieWstęp: Problem wad postawy dotyczy coraz większej liczby dzieci w coraz to młodszym wieku i znacząco rzutuje na ich zdrowie. Wczesna diagnostyka oraz ich korekcja pozwala uzyskać wymierne efekty terapeutyczne znacząco niwelując szkodliwość występujących wad oraz ich wpływ na komfort życia w dorosłości. Celem badania była ocena wybranych parametrów postawy ciała dzieci w wieku przedszkolnym oraz określenie wpływu występujących wad na poziom siły mięśniowej wybranych grup mięśni wg. skali Lovetta.Materiał i metody: Badania obejmowały grupę 50 dzieci, 23 dziewcząt i 27 chłopców (w wieku 5,34 (± 1,09) lata), uczęszczających do niepublicznego przedszkola „Ludzikowo” w Bydgoszczy. Badania przeprowadzono w okresie od stycznia do marca 2013. Badanie obejmowało trzy części: kwestionariusz ankiety (met. sondażu diagnostycznego), badanie antropometryczne (pomiar masy ciała, wzrostu, BMI), badanie wzrokowe - metoda jakościowa (porównanie postawy swobodnej z wzorcem), ocena siły mięśniowej wybranych grup mięśniowych przy pomocy testu Lovetta. Wyniki: Grupa badana wykazywała odchylenia od normy w przynajmniej jednym z obserwowanych elementów postawy ciała. W projekcji przedniej oraz bocznej u 90% dzieci wykazano obecność zaburzeń postawy. W badaniu w projekcji tylnej u 96% badanych wystąpiły odchylenia od prawidłowych wzorców postawy ciała. Całościowa analiza budowy i postawy ciała wg Staffela wykazała, że jedynie 62% kwalifikuje się do tzw. normalnego wzorca postawy ciała. Mimo zaburzeń wzorców postawy nie stwierdzono istotnych statystycznie zaburzeń siły mięśniowej wg. Lovetta.Wnioski: Użyteczność oraz łatwość wykonania zaproponowanych metody oceny postawy ciała pozwala na ich bardzo szerokie zastosowanie i umożliwia wczesną diagnostykę posturalną dzieci przedszkolnych. Obecność wad postawy w wieku przedszkolnym nie rzutuje jeszcze na poziom siły mięśniowej wybranych grup mięśniowych

Improved oxygen uptake efficiency parameters are not correlated with VO2peak or running economy and are not affected by omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in endurance runners

Peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) is one of the most reliable parameters of exercise capacity; however, maximum effort is required to achieve this. Therefore, alternative, and repeatable submaximal parameters, such as running economy (RE), are needed. Thus, we evaluated the suitability of oxygen uptake efficiency (OUE), oxygen uptake efficiency plateau (OUEP) and oxygen uptake efficiency at the ventilatory anaerobic threshold (OUE@VAT) as alternatives for VO2peak and RE. Moreover, we evaluated how these parameters are affected by endurance training and supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids. A total of 26 amateur male runners completed a 12-week endurance program combined with omega-3 fatty acid supplementation or medium-chain triglycerides as a placebo. Before and after the intervention, the participants were subjected to a treadmill test to determine VO2peak, RE, OUE, OUEP and OUE@VAT. Blood was collected at the same timepoints to determine eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in erythrocytes. OUE correlated moderately or weakly with VO2peak (R2 = 0.338, p = 0.002) and (R2 = 0.226, p = 0.014) before and after the intervention, respectively. There was a weak or no correlation between OUEP, OUE@VAT, VO2peak and RE despite steeper OUE, increased OUEP and OUE@VAT values in all participants. OUE parameters cannot be treated as alternative parameters for VO2peak or RE and did not show changes following supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids in male amateur endurance runners.<br/

Athletes can benefit from increased intake of EPA and DHA - evaluating the evidence

Fatty fish, which include mackerel, herring, salmon and sardines, and certain species of algae (e.g., Schizochytrium sp, Crytthecodiniumcohnii, and Phaeodactylumtricornutum) are the only naturally rich sources of the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). EPA and DHA are the most biologically active members of the n-3 PUFA family. Limited dietary sources and fluctuating content of EPA and DHA in fish raise concerns about the status of EPA and DHA among athletes, as confirmed in a number of studies. The beneficial effects of EPA and DHA include controlling inflammation, supporting nervous system function, main-taining muscle mass after injury and improving training adaptation. Due to their inade-quate intake and beneficial health-promoting effects, athletes might wish to consider us-ing supplements that provide EPA and DHA. Here we provide an overview of the effects of EPA and DHA that are relevant to athletes and discuss the pros and cons of supple-ments as a source of EPA and DHA for athletes

Identification of Optimal Reference Genes for qRT-PCR Normalization for Physical Activity Intervention and Omega-3 Fatty Acids Supplementation in Humans

The quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) technique gives promising opportunities to detect and quantify RNA targets and is commonly used in many research fields. This study aimed to identify suitable reference genes for physical exercise and omega-3 fatty acids supplementation intervention. Forty healthy, physically active men were exposed to a 12-week eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation and standardized endurance training protocol. Blood samples were collected before and after the intervention and mRNA levels of six potential reference genes were tested in the leukocytes of 18 eligible participants using the qRT-PCR method: GAPDH (Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase), ACTB (Beta actin), TUBB (Tubulin Beta Class I), RPS18 (Ribosomal Protein S18), UBE2D2 (Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 D2), and HPRT1 (Hypoxanthine Phosphoribosyltransferase 1). The raw quantification cycle (Cq) values were then analyzed using RefFinder, an online tool that incorporates four different algorithms: NormFinder, geNorm, BestKeeper, and the comparative delta-Ct method. Delta-Ct, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and RefFinder comprehensive ranking have found GAPDH to be the most stably expressed gene. geNorm has identified TUBB and HPRT as the most stable genes. All algorithms have found ACTB to be the least stably expressed gene. A combination of the three most stably expressed genes, namely GAPDH, TUBB, and HPRT, is suggested for obtaining the most reliable results

Increased plasma L-arginine level and L-arginine/ADMA ratio after twelve weeks of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in amateur male endurance runners

It is not fully understood how supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids affects the metabolism of amino acids required for the bioavailability/synthesis of NO, i.e., L-arginine (L-arg), asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), their metabolites, and the L-arg/ADMA ratio and their impact on running economy (RE) in runners. Thus, 26 male amateur endurance runners completed a twelve-week study in which they were divided into two supplemented groups: the OMEGA group (n = 14; 2234 mg and 916 mg of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid daily) or the MCT group (n = 12; 4000 mg of medium-chain triglycerides daily). At the same time, all participants followed an endurance training program. Before and after the 12-week intervention, blood was collected from participants at two time points (at rest and immediately post-exercise) to determine EPA and DHA in red blood cells (RBCs) and plasma levels of L-arg, ADMA, and their metabolites. RBC EPA and DHA significantly increased in the OMEGA group (p &lt; 0.001), which was related to the resting increase in L-arg (p = 0.001) and in the L-arg/ADMA ratio (p = 0.005) with no changes in the MCT group. No differences were found in post-exercise amino acid levels. A total of 12 weeks of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation at a dose of 2234 mg of EPA and 916 mg of DHA daily increased levels of L-arg and the L-arg/ADMA ratio, which indirectly indicates increased bioavailability/NO synthesis. However, these changes were not associated with improved RE in male amateur endurance runnersIt is not fully understood how supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids affects the metabolism of amino acids required for the bioavailability/synthesis of NO, i.e., L-arginine (L-arg), asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), their metabolites, and the L-arg/ADMA ratio and their impact on running economy (RE) in runners. Thus, 26 male amateur endurance runners completed a twelve-week study in which they were divided into two supplemented groups: the OMEGA group (n = 14; 2234 mg and 916 mg of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid daily) or the MCT group (n = 12; 4000 mg of medium-chain triglycerides daily). At the same time, all participants followed an endurance training program. Before and after the 12-week intervention, blood was collected from participants at two time points (at rest and immediately post-exercise) to determine EPA and DHA in red blood cells (RBCs) and plasma levels of L-arg, ADMA, and their metabolites. RBC EPA and DHA significantly increased in the OMEGA group (p &lt; 0.001), which was related to the resting increase in L-arg (p = 0.001) and in the L-arg/ADMA ratio (p = 0.005) with no changes in the MCT group. No differences were found in post-exercise amino acid levels. A total of 12 weeks of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation at a dose of 2234 mg of EPA and 916 mg of DHA daily increased levels of L-arg and the L-arg/ADMA ratio, which indirectly indicates increased bioavailability/NO synthesis. However, these changes were not associated with improved RE in male amateur endurance runner

Increased Plasma L-Arginine Levels and L-Arginine/ADMA Ratios after Twelve Weeks of Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation in Amateur Male Endurance Runners

It is not fully understood how supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids affects the metabolism of amino acids required for the bioavailability/synthesis of NO, i.e., L-arginine (L-arg), asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), their metabolites, and the L-arg/ADMA ratio and their impact on running economy (RE) in runners. Thus, 26 male amateur endurance runners completed a twelve-week study in which they were divided into two supplemented groups: the OMEGA group (n = 14; 2234 mg and 916 mg of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid daily) or the MCT group (n = 12; 4000 mg of medium-chain triglycerides daily). At the same time, all participants followed an endurance training program. Before and after the 12-week intervention, blood was collected from participants at two time points (at rest and immediately post-exercise) to determine EPA and DHA in red blood cells (RBCs) and plasma levels of L-arg, ADMA, and their metabolites. RBC EPA and DHA significantly increased in the OMEGA group (p &lt; 0.001), which was related to the resting increase in L-arg (p = 0.001) and in the L-arg/ADMA ratio (p = 0.005) with no changes in the MCT group. No differences were found in post-exercise amino acid levels. A total of 12 weeks of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation at a dose of 2234 mg of EPA and 916 mg of DHA daily increased levels of L-arg and the L-arg/ADMA ratio, which indirectly indicates increased bioavailability/NO synthesis. However, these changes were not associated with improved RE in male amateur endurance runners

Effects of 12 weeks of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in long-distance runners

Purpose To investigate the effects of 12 weeks of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation during endurance training on Omega-3 index (O3I) and indicators of running performance in amateur long-distance runners.Methods 26 amateur male long-distance runners aged ≥29 years supplemented omega-3 fatty acid capsules (OMEGA group, n = 14; 2234 mg of EPA and 916 mg of DHA daily) or medium chain triglycerides capsules as placebo (MCT group, n = 12; 4000 mg of MCT daily) during 12-week of endurance training. Before and after intervention, blood samples were collected for O3I assessment and an incremental test to exhaustion and 1500-m run trial were performed.Results O3I was significantly increased in the OMEGA group (from 5.8% to 11.6%, P &lt; 0.0001). A significant increase in VO2peak was observed in the OMEGA group (from 53.6 ± 4.4 ml*kg-1*min-1 to 56.0 ± 3.7 ml*kg-1*min-1, P = 0.0219) without such change in MCT group (from 54.7 ± 6.8 ml*kg-1*min-1 to 56.4 ± 5.9 ml*kg-1*min-1, P = 0.1308). A positive correlation between the change in O3I and change in running economy was observed when data of participants from both groups were combined (-0.1808 ± 1.917, P = 0.0020), without such an effect in OMEGA group alone (P = 0.1741). No effect of omega-3 supplementation on 1500-m run results was observed.Conclusions 12 weeks of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation at a dose of 2234 mg of EPA and 916 mg of DHA daily during endurance training resulted in improvement of O3I and running economy and increased VO2peak without improvement in the 1500-m run trial time in amateur runners

Marathon Run-induced Changes in the Erythropoietin-Erythroferrone-Hepcidin Axis are Iron Dependent

Alterations in iron metabolism after physical activity are manifested through the rise of blood hepcidin (Hpc) levels. However, in many athletes, no changes in Hpc levels are observed after exercise despite the presence of inflammation. The missing links could be erythropoietin (EPO) and erythroferrone (ERFE), which down-regulate Hpc biosynthesis. EPO, ERFE and Hpc biosynthesis is modified by serum iron through transferrin receptor 2. Consequently, we investigated whether marathon-induced changes in EPO, ERFE and Hpc levels are blood iron-dependent. Twenty-nine healthy male marathon runners were analyzed. Serum iron, ferritin, transferrin, EPO, ERFE and Hpc levels were assessed before, immediately after, and 9 &plusmn; 2 days after the marathon. The runners whose serum Hpc decreased after the marathon (n = 15), showed a significant increase in ERFE levels. In athletes whose serum iron levels were below 105 &micro;g/day (n = 15), serum EPO (p = 0.00) and ERFE levels (p = 0.00) increased with no changes in Hpc concentration. However, in athletes with low serum iron, no changes in EPO levels were observed when serum ferritin exceeded 70 ng/mL (n = 7). Conversely, an increase in ERFE levels was observed in marathoners with low serum iron, independently of serum ferritin (n = 7). This indicates modulation of blood iron may affect exercise-induced changes in the EPO/ERFE/Hpc axis. Further study is needed to fully understand the physiological meaning of the interdependence between iron and the EPO/ERFE/Hpc axis

Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation affects tryptophan metabolism during a 12-week endurance training in amateur runners: a randomized controlled trial

Abstract The effects of long-term omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) supplementation during endurance training on tryptophan (Trp) metabolism and mental state of healthy individuals have not been evaluated so far. Concentrations of plasma Trp, its metabolites and IL-6 were assessed in 26 male runners before and after a 12-week training program combined with supplementation of n-3 PUFAs (O-3 + TRAIN group) or medium chain triglycerides (MCTs; TRAIN group). After the 12-week program participants' mood before and after stress induction was also assessed. The effects of the same supplementation protocol were evaluated also in 14 inactive subjects (O-3 + SEDEN group). Concentrations of 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK) and picolinic acid (PA) significantly increased only in the O-3 + TRAIN group (p = 0.01; $${\eta }_{p}^{2}$$ η p 2 = 0.22 and p = 0.01; $${\eta }_{p }^{2}$$ η p 2 = 0.26). Favorable, but not statistically significant changes in the concentrations of kynurenic acid (KYNA) (p = 0.06; $${\eta }_{p }^{2}$$ η p 2 = 0.14), xanthurenic acid (XA) (p = 0.07; $${\eta }_{p }^{2}$$ η p 2 = 0.13) and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (3-HAA) (p = 0.06; $${\eta }_{p }^{2}$$ η p 2 = 0.15) and in the ratio of neurotoxic to neuroprotective metabolites were seen also only in the O-3 + TRAIN group. No changes in mood and IL-6 concentrations were observed in either group. Supplementation with n-3 PUFAs during endurance training has beneficial effects on Trp's neuroprotective metabolites. Trial registry: This study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov with identifier NCT05520437 (14/07/2021 first trial registration and 2018/31/N/NZ7/02962 second trial registration)

Omega-3 fatty acids supplementation affects tryptophan metabolism during a 12-week endurance training in amateur runners – a randomized controlled trial

The effects of long-term omega-3 fatty acid (n-3 PUFAs) supplementation during endurance training on tryptophan (Trp) metabolism and mental state of healthy individuals have not been evaluated so far. Concentrations of plasma Trp, its metabolites and IL-6 were assessed in 26 male runners before and after a 12-week training combined with supplementation of n-3 PUFAs (O-3 + TRAIN group) or medium chain triglycerides (MCTs; TRAIN group). Mood and stress tests were also performed. The effects of the same supplementation protocol were evaluated also in 14 inactive subjects (O-3 + SEDEN group). Concentrations of 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK) and picolinic acid (PA) significantly increased only in the O-3 + TRAIN group (p = 0.01; η_p^2 = 0.22 and p = 0.01; η_(p )^2= 0.26). Favorable, but not statistically significant changes in the kynurenic acid (KYNA) (p = 0.06; η_(p )^2= 0.14), xanthurenic acid (XA) (p = 0.07; η_(p )^2= 0.13) and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (3-HAA) (p = 0.06; η_(p )^2= 0.15) and ratio of neurotoxic to neuroprotective metabolites was seen also only in the O-3 + TRAIN group. No changes in results of mental state tests and IL-6 concentrations were observed in either group. Supplementation with n-3 PUFAs during endurance training has beneficial effects on Trp's neuroprotective metabolites.<br/