3,098 research outputs found
The Fear of God as Ethical Motivation in Pauline Theology
The present writer has long been interested in the study of Pauline instruction concerning motivation for sanctification. In 1967 he presented to the faculty of Concordia Seminary, St. Louis, a Master of Sacred Theology thesis on the subject of the fourth of the abovementioned motivations for ethical living, namely, faith in the fact of the Christian\u27s union with Christ and personal participation with Him in his death and resurrection. The opportunity to enter upon a concentrated study of what Paul has to say, in particular, about the sanctifying fear of God presented itself in the same year, when the writer obtained approval from the graduate faculty at the seminary to begin work on a doctoral dissertation dealing with this subject. The results of his investigation are embodied in the present treatise, entitled, The Fear of God As Ethical Motivation in Pauline Theology
A Typical Instance of Exaggeration in the Moden Literary Criticism of the Pentateuch
If the reasons advanced for the composite authorship of the Pentateuch are summarized, it will be evident that they may be reduced, as Driver (Literature of the Old Testament, p. 8) admits, to these two \u27\u27phenomena allegedly betraying distinct documents or sources: 1) The same event is doubly recorded; 2) the language, and frequently the representation as well, varies in different sections
Contribution to the occurrence and distribution of culicid mosquitoes in Northrhine-Westphalia with special reference to the greater Bonn area
Mit dem Verschwinden der Malaria aus Deutschland in der Mitte des letzten Jahrhunderts sank auch das wissenschaftliche Interesse an Stechmücken. Seit Jahrzehnten sind keine großflächigen systematischen Studien zum Vorkommen und zur Verbreitung der einheimischen Culicidenarten mehr durchgeführt worden, da diese scheinbar keine Vektorfunktion mehr hatten. Lediglich saisonal bedingte Massenvermehrungen waren und sind Anlass zu gezielten Bekämpfungsaktionen, die auch aktuell regionale Daten zur Stechmückenfauna liefern (BECKER & KAISER 1995). Diese und weitere sporadische Studien aus den letzten Jahren (BASTIAN 2000; HERRMANN 2000; KAMPEN unveröffentl.) zeigen, dass potenzielle Malariaüberträger nach wie vor bei uns heimisch sind. Gerade die anhaltende Diskussion über ‚emerging and resurging infectious diseases’ in Verbindung mit möglichen Klima- und Umweltveränderungen (GRATZ 1999, 2004) sollte aber das allgemeine Interesse an den einheimischen (potenziellen) Vektoren wecken, um für Eventualitäten gewappnet zu sein. Der weltweite Massentourismus und Tierhandel sorgt nicht nur für ein permanentes Angebot an Infektionsquellen für einheimische hämatophage Arthropoden, sondern erleichtert auch die Einschleppung und Ausbreitung von allochthonen Vektoren. So gelangte etwa die Tigermücke Aedes albopictus, ein effizienter Gelbfieber- und Dengue-Vektor, zu Beginn der 1990er Jahre mit dem Gebrauchtreifenhandel nach Südeuropa (KNUDSEN et al. 1996) und wandert seitdem ständig weiter nach Norden (SCHAFFNER 2001; FLACIO et al. 2004; SCHOLTE et al. 2006). Doch auch Zugvögel bringen seit jeher Viren aus afrikanischen Ländern nach Europa undkönnen einheimische Vektoren infizieren (MALKINSON & BANET 2002). Bis auf wenige Ausnahmen blieben große Epidemien bisher aus. Nicht so in Nordamerika, wo 1999 auf bislang unbekanntem Wege das West Nil-Virus eingeschleppt wurde und sich bis 2003 über die gesamten Vereinigten Staaten ausbreitete (GOULD & FIKRIG 2004). Zahlreiche Todesfälle bei Menschen, Pferden und Vögeln, insbesondere auf eine Virusübertragung durch Culex pipiens zurückzuführen, waren die Folge. Mit dem Tahyna-, Sindbis- und West Nil-Virus kursieren mindestens drei pathogene Stechmückenassoziierte Viren auch in Europa (ASPÖCK 1996; LUNDSTRÖM 1999). Erst kürzlich wurde in toten Vögeln in Österreich erstmals das Usutu-Virus außerhalb Afrikas nachgewiesen (WEISSENBÖCK et al. 2002). Ob es humanpathogenes Potenzial hat, ist unbekannt. Schließlich sind Stechmücken als Überträger der caninen Filariose von Bedeutung, die gelegentlich auch den Menschen befallen kann und sich offenbar ebenfalls vom Mittelmeerraum nach Norden ausbreitet (MURO 1999; PAMPIGLIONE & RIVASI 2000). Die vorgestellte Studie soll einen Beitrag zur Aktualisierung unserer Kenntnisse zum Vorkommen, zur Verbreitung und zur Biologie einheimischer Culiciden liefern, die erforderlich sind, um auf autochthone Erregerübertragung in geeigneter Weise reagieren zu können.To update information on the indigenous culicid fauna (Diptera: Culicidae) of western Germany, aquatic mosquito stages were collected by water dipping and adults caught by specialized traps at various Northrhine-Westphalian localities in 2004. Out of 154 water basins checked, 75 turned out to be culicid breeding sites. 1404 larvae and pupae belonging to 17 species were collected. These comprised 7 Aedes-, 4 Culex-, 4 Anopheles- and 2 Culiseta-species. Cx. territans specimens added up to 44.7 % of the larval and pupal catches and together with the three other most abundant species, Cs. annulata (14.7 %), An. maculipennis s.s. (12.3 %) and Cx. torrentium (10 %), amounted to 81.8 % of all larvae and pupae collected. With regard to the adult stages, only 111 specimens belonging to 8 species were trapped probably owing to methodological reasons and/or to the particular mosquito-hostile climatic conditions in the summer of 2004. In contrast to the larval collections, the major part of the adults were Cx. torrentium with 34.2 %, followed by Cx. pipiens s.s. (21.6 %) and An. plumbeus (19.8 %), thus giving a completely different impression on the indigenous population abundances. 105 of the adults were caught by the BG sentinel, a newly developed odour trap emitting a quantified composition of selected mosquito attractants. The other 6 individuals were caught by a CO2-trap, whereas a mere light trap and an ovipositor trap were never successfu
The role of the blackbird (Turdus merula), redwing (Turdus iliacus) and song trush (Turdus philomelos) as blood hosts for ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) and reservoir hosts for four genospecies of the Borrelia burgdorferi-complex
Vögel spielen vor allem aufgrund ihrer Häufigkeit in natürlichen und anthropogenen Habitaten sowie ihrer von anderen Wirbeltieren unübertroffenen Mobilität als natürliche Reservoire von Krankheitserregern eine bedeutende infektionsepidemiologische Rolle. Darüber hinaus können Zugvögel während ihrer Migration Erreger wie Vektoren über hunderte oder tausende von Kilometern transportieren und in ihrer Verbreitung extrem begünstigen. Dass Vögel neben anderen Tiergruppen eine wichtige Wirtsfunktion für Zecken besitzen, ist bekannt. Ebenso wird Vögeln eine Reservoirfunktion für bestimmte Genospezies des Borrelia burgdorferi-Artenkomplexes zugesprochen (GERN et al. 1998; GYLFE et al. 2000). In welchem Maße verschiedene Vogelarten an der geographischen Verbreitung dieser Bakterienarten beteiligt sind, ist jedoch noch weitgehend unklar. In dieser Studie sollte durch die Untersuchung von an Vögeln abgesammelten Zecken (Ixoes ricinus) die Bedeutung von drei Drosselarten (Turdidae) für den Lebenszyklus der Borrelien genauer untersucht werden. Des Weiteren wurde die Reservoirfunktion dieser Vogelarten für vier verschiedene Genospezies des B. burgdorferi-Komplexes geprüft.In spring 2003, 251 specimens of the three bird species, blackbird (Turdus merula), redwing (Turdus iliacus) and song trush (Turdus philomelos) that had been trapped on the Greifswalder Oie, a small German island in the Baltic sea, were examined for ticks (I. ricinus). 806 ticks (305 larvae, 508 nymphs) were removed from the birds and stored in 80% ethanol or, in the case of full engorgement, kept alive until moulting. The infestation prevalences of the three bird species ranged from 39,5 % to 68,2 % demonstrating the important role of these species as tick hosts. Out of 377 ticks, 104 were tested DNA-positive for B. burgdorferi sensu lato by a polymerase chain reaction assay. The increasing infection prevalences of larvae (19,7 %), nymphs (30,0 %) and adults obtained from repleted nymphs (38,9 %) display the reservoir function of the birds for B. burgdorferi s.l.. The Borrelia-positive tick specimens were additionally tested for the respective B. burgdorferi-genospecies present, B. burgdorferi sensu stricto, B. afzelii, B. garinii and/or B. valaisiana, via DNA-hybridisation. 94,8 % of the ticks were found positive for B. garinii or B. valaisiana. Although these two genospecies are known to be bird-specific, so far there is little evidence on different bird species having different kinds of reservoir competence. According to the results of this study, however, a special correlation between infecting genospecies and avian reservoir host species appears to be likely and has to be proven by further epidemiological and immunological studies
Spin- and charge-density waves in the Hartree-Fock ground state of the two-dimensional Hubbard model
The ground states of the two-dimensional repulsive Hubbard model are studied
within the unrestricted Hartree-Fock (UHF) theory. Magnetic and charge
properties are determined by systematic, large-scale, exact numerical
calculations, and quantified as a function of electron doping . In the
solution of the self-consistent UHF equations, multiple initial configurations
and simulated annealing are used to facilitate convergence to the global
minimum. New approaches are employed to minimize finite-size effects in order
to reach the thermodynamic limit. At low to moderate interacting strengths and
low doping, the UHF ground state is a linear spin-density wave (l-SDW), with
antiferromagnetic order and a modulating wave. The wavelength of the modulating
wave is . Corresponding charge order exists but is substantially weaker
than the spin order, hence holes are mobile. As the interaction is increased,
the l-SDW states evolves into several different phases, with the holes
eventually becoming localized. A simple pairing model is presented with
analytic calculations for low interaction strength and small doping, to help
understand the numerical results and provide a physical picture for the
properties of the SDW ground state. By comparison with recent many-body
calculations, it is shown that, for intermediate interactions, the UHF solution
provides a good description of the magnetic correlations in the true ground
state of the Hubbard model.Comment: 13 pages, 17 figure, 0 table
Limited Effect of Dopaminergic Medication on Straight Walking and Turning in Early-to-Moderate Parkinson’s Disease during Single and Dual Tasking
Background: In Parkinson’s disease (PD), the effects of dopaminergic medication on straight walking and turning were mainly investigated under single tasking (ST) conditions. However, multitasking situations are considered more daily relevant.Methods: Thirty-nine early to moderate PD patients performed the following standarized ST and dual tasks (DT) as fast as possible for one minute during On- and Off-medication while wearing inertial sensors: straight walking and turning, checking boxes, and subtracting serial 7s. Quantitative gait parameters, as well as velocity of the secondary tasks were analyzed.Results: The following parameters improved significantly in On-medication during ST: gait velocity during straight walking (p=0.03); step duration (p=0.048) and peak velocity (p=0.04) during turning; velocity of checking boxes during ST (p=0.04) and DT (p=0.04). Velocity of checking boxes was the only parameter that also improved during DT.Conclusion: These results suggest that dopaminergic medication does not relevantly influence straight walking and turning in early to moderate PD during DT
Cherenkov Telescope Array Data Management
Very High Energy gamma-ray astronomy with the Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA)
is evolving towards the model of a public observatory. Handling, processing and
archiving the large amount of data generated by the CTA instruments and
delivering scientific products are some of the challenges in designing the CTA
Data Management. The participation of scientists from within CTA Consortium and
from the greater worldwide scientific community necessitates a sophisticated
scientific analysis system capable of providing unified and efficient user
access to data, software and computing resources. Data Management is designed
to respond to three main issues: (i) the treatment and flow of data from remote
telescopes; (ii) "big-data" archiving and processing; (iii) and open data
access. In this communication the overall technical design of the CTA Data
Management, current major developments and prototypes are presented.Comment: 8 pages, 2 figures, In Proceedings of the 34th International Cosmic
Ray Conference (ICRC2015), The Hague, The Netherlands. All CTA contributions
at arXiv:1508.0589
Gas and dust in a submillimeter galaxy at z = 4.24 from the Herschel ATLAS
We report ground-based follow-up observations of the exceptional source,
ID141, one the brightest sources detected so far in the H-ATLAS cosmological
survey. ID141 was observed using the IRAM 30-meter telescope and Plateau de
Bure interferometer (PdBI), the Submillimeter Array (SMA) and the Atacama
Pathfinder Experiment (APEX) submillimeter telescope to measure the dust
continuum and emission lines of the main isotope of carbon monoxide and carbon
([C I] and [C II]). The detection of strong CO emission lines with the PdBI
confirms that ID141 is at high redshift (z=4.243 +/- 0.001). The strength of
the continuum and emission lines suggests that ID141 is gravitationally lensed.
The width (Delta V (FWHM) ~ 800 km/s}) and asymmetric profiles of the CO and
carbon lines indicate orbital motion in a disc or a merger. The properties
derived for ID141 are compatible with a ultraluminous (L_FIR ~ 8.5 +/- 0.3 x
10^13/mu_L Lsun, where mu_L is the amplification factor, dense (n ~ 10^4 cm^-3)
and warm (T_kin ~ 40K) starburst galaxy, with an estimated star-formation rate
of (0.7 to 1.7) x 10^4/mu_L Msun/yr. The carbon emission lines indicate a dense
(n ~ 10^4 cm^-3) Photo-Dominated Region, illuminated by a far-UV radiation
field a few thousand times more intense than that in our Galaxy. In conclusion,
the physical properties of the high-z galaxy, ID141, are remarkably similar to
those of local ultraluminous infrared galaxies.Comment: To appear in Ap
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Trace analysis of environmental matrices by large-volume injection and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry
The time-honored convention of concentrating aqueous samples by solid-phase extraction (SPE) is being challenged by the increasingly wide spread use of large-volume injection (LVI) liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) for the determination of traces of polar organic contaminants in environmental samples. Although different LVI approaches have been proposed over the last 40 years, the simplest and most popular way of performing LVI is known as single column LVI (SC-LVI), in which a large-volume of an aqueous sample is directly injected into an analytical column. For the purposes of this critical review, LVI is defined as an injected sample volume that is ≥ 10% of the void volume of the analytical column. Compared to other techniques, SC-LVI is easier to set up, as it only requires small hardware modifications to existing autosamplers and, thus, will represent the main focus of the current review. Although not new, SC-LVI is gaining acceptance and the approach is emerging as a technology that will render SPE nearly obsolete for many environmental applications. In this review, we discuss 1) the history and development of various forms of LVI, 2) the critical factors that one needs to consider when creating and optimizing SC-LVI methods and 3) example applications that demonstrate the range of environmental matrices, to which LVI is applicable such as drinking water, groundwater and surface water including seawater as well as wastewater. Furthermore, we give responses to answer a set of ‘frequently asked questions’ typically encountered from audiences and we indicate future directions and areas that need to be addressed to fully delineate the limits of SC-LVI.Keywords: Direct injection, Soil, Water, LC-MS/MS, Sample preparation, Large-volume injection, Wastewater, Solid-phase extraction, Liquid chromatograph
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