Enabling knowledge brokerage intermediaries to be evidence-informed

TARGET AUDIENCE: What Works Centres; other intermediary brokerage agencies; their funders and users; and researchers of research use. BACKGROUND: Knowledge brokerage and knowledge mobilisation (KM) are generic terms used to describe activities to enable the use of research evidence to inform policy, practice and individual decision making. Knowledge brokerage intermediary (KBI) initiatives facilitate such use of research evidence. This debate paper argues that although the work of KBIs is to enable evidence-informed decision making (EIDM), they may not always be overt and consistent in how they follow the principles of EIDM in their own practice. KEY POINTS FOR DISCUSSION: Drawing on examples from existing brokerage initiatives, four areas are suggested where KBIs could be more evidence-informed in their work: (1) needs analysis: evidence-informed in their analysis of where and how the KBI can best contribute to the existing evidence ecosystem; (2) methods and theories of change: evidence-informed in the methods that the KBI uses to achieve its goals; (3) evidence standards: credible standards for making evidence claims; and (4) evaluation and monitoring: evidence-informed evaluation of their own activities and contribution to the knowledge base on evidence use. For each of these areas, questions are suggested for considering the extent that the principles are being followed in practice. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: KBIs work with evidence but they may not always be evidence-informed in their practice. KBIs could benefit from more overtly attending to the extent that they apply the logic of EIDM to how they work. In doing so, KBIs can advance both the study, and practice, of using research evidence to inform decision making

Customer Privacy Concerns as a Barrier to Sharing Data about Energy Use in Smart Local Energy Systems: A Rapid Realist Review

The purpose of this review is to investigate the nature of privacy concerns in the context of smart local energy systems (SLES) to understand how SLES providers can minimize both user concerns, and cause for concern, around privacy. We conducted a rapid realist review and thematic framework analysis against Bronfenbrenner’s socio–ecological model to understand privacy concerns in different contexts. A common privacy concern was that sharing detailed energy use data had the potential to reveal information about home life, and to intrude upon people’s sense of autonomy, choice, and control. Evidence suggests that people are willing to accept new data sharing technologies if the benefits of doing so are clear, anticipated, and mutually beneficial. Building trust, through increasing knowledge and understanding, was a mechanism for overcoming privacy concerns, but this was mediated by the organization providing the information. Non-profit organizations were more trusted to ensure appropriate safeguards to privacy were in place. One key barrier to participation with good supporting evidence was that people could resist perceived intrusions on their privacy. This could be actively resisted by refusing to install data collection technologies or passively by non-participation in adapting energy use behaviours: both of which are necessary for SLES to achieve their goals of managing energy demand and building resilience in smart grids

Identities as enabling conditions of sustainability practices in urban planning: A critical realist exploration with planners in England

The case has been made in reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change for the crucial role of the built environment in mitigating the worst excesses of a warming global climate. Urban planners are essential actors in delivering a sustainable built environment. Alongside macro influences such as policy, practices in urban planning are influenced by underlying mechanisms at the level of the individual. Adopting a Bhaskarian critical realist approach, in this study we examined enabling conditions of sustainability practices. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 19 planners in England with at least seven years’ experience. The analysis found evidence from the planners’ experience of tensions between the three strands of sustainability, and of practices which could be understood from theoretical perspectives of collaboration/consensus, dissensus and pursuit of specific outcomes. A professional commitment towards a better environment appeared to be a generative mechanism for sustainability practices and underlying conditions included professional identity, identity as a public sector worker, organisational and team identities, and personal commitment. Constraining conditions were found to include stakeholder and political pressure and weak policy. The findings suggest points of leverage for the professional body, local authorities and planners themselves, in order to strengthen sustainability practices and potentially lead to transformation

Does the planning system in England deliver a sustainable and resilient environment? A study of the experience of town planners

The case has been made in the reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Changes for the crucial role of the built environment in mitigating the worst excesses of a warming global climate and in protecting people through adaptation. Town planners are essential actors in delivering sustainable and resilient urbanism. Given that legislation is implemented by people, the study aimed to examine how town planners experienced and thought about the changing legislation and how they understood the concepts of ‘sustainability’ and ‘resilience’ in the built environment. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 19 planners working in England who had at least seven years’ experience. In the analysis, we explored meanings of sustainability and of resilience, and how these concepts were seen as incorporated in legislation. Sustainability was seen by the participants as embedded in regulations but its realisation varied substantially. Tensions were evident between the three pillars of environment, society and economy. ‘Resilience’ as a concept was poorly understood and legislative support was patchy at best: while flooding features extensively in local plans, wider issues of climate impact such as overheating are not comprehensively addressed. The conclusions are that planners are often frustrated in their attempts to develop a more sustainable built environment and that the current planning system is inadequate to deliver consistently sustainable and resilient outcomes. However, alignment between sustainability goals and professional identity were also noted, offering avenues to explore beyond the institutional constraints of legislation

Body mass estimates of an exceptionally complete Stegosaurus (Ornithischia: Thyreophora): comparing volumetric and linear bivariate mass estimation methods

© 2015 The Authors. Published by the Royal Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, provided the original author and source are credited. The file attached is the published version of the article

Application of Phase Change Materials to Domestic Refrigerators

The paper investigates the performance improvement provided by a phase change material associated with the evaporator in a domestic refrigerator. The heat release and storage rate of encapsulated ice, used as the thermal energy storage material, has been investigated numerically. The mathematical model for phase change is based on the enthalpy method and the governing equations were discretized on a fixed grid using the finite difference method. The influence of PCM thickness (2, 3 and 4 × 10-3 m slabs), ambient temperature (20°C, 25°C, 30°C and 43°C) and evaporating temperature (-15°C and -10°C) have been investigated. The results showed that the melting and freezing time increased proportionally with PCM thickness. The refrigerator autonomy was reduced by 47% when the ambient temperature was increased from 20°C to 43°C and the freezing time increased by 27% when the evaporating temperature was reduced from -10°C to -15°C. Overall, the model provides a useful tool for evaluating the design and operation of a thermal storage refrigerator

Driving success towards zero carbon energy targets for UK's Local Authorities

This paper draws on three case studies which show feasible and economic results in meeting net zero carbon emissions targets through Smart Local Energy Systems (SLES) in different localities across England, exploring opportunities to utilise waste heat from industry. They are based on the GreenSCIES model for which the blueprint was developed in London, Study 1. It consists of a fifth generation (5G) ambient loop district heat network using waste heat from a data centre, integrated with electric vehicle charging, storage and solar PV. The network includes decentralised heat pumps and allows for (i) heat sharing between buildings and (ii) applications for heat recovery from local sources. Study 2 is based on a heat network with waste heat from a foundry and some cooling supply and heat storage in the aquifer. Study 3 explored waste heat from a glassworks and considered mine workings for providing heat storage. These SLES projects illustrate how to integrate local waste heat sources in 3G and 4G heat networks, adapting the original GreenSCIES concept, providing pathways towards net zero carbon for a diverse range of urban locations with different waste heat sources, and further demonstrate the importance of collaboration between researchers, local government and industry

Strong skin, not always thick: Comparative structural and molecular analysis of deer skin and cow hide

Content: A comprehensive analysis of the molecular and structural components of deer skin and cow hide was undertaken. These skins known to be strong, however they derive their strength from different combinations of molecular and structural properties. Firstly, the physical properties of deer skin and cow hide including the tensile strength, tear strength and denaturation temperature were measured. Secondly, the structure of the collagen fibrils and glycosaminoglycans was investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). Finally, the chemical composition of deer skin and cow hide such as amino acids, crosslinks and glycosaminoglycans were analysed. Our results showed that physical properties of deer skin and cow hide are derived from different combinations of several chemical components resulting in different architecture. It was found that the large and “wavy” collagen fibres in deer skin made up of collagen fibrils with small diameters. Additionally, deer skin fibrils appeared to be linked by regular arrays of filaments of large glycosaminoglycans that are distributed uniformly. Deer skin contained higher proportion of trivalent collagen crosslinks. In contrast, the collagen fibrils in cow hide were large, contained a diverse glycosaminoglycan distribution and a higher proportion of tetravalent collagen crosslinks, resulting in straight collagen fibres. This study suggests that although deer skin and cow hide are both strong, they have different structural and molecular features. Take-Away: Deer skin and cow hide have different structural and molecular make up which are reflected in their physical properties particularly strength. Glycosaminoglycans are important for the organisation of collagen fibrils in deer skin and cow hide. Deer skin and cow hide contain different ratios of collagen natural crosslinks which are essential collagen stability

Modelling of a thermal storage refrigerator

The paper investigates the effect of adding a phase change material in thermal contact with the evaporator in a natural convection domestic refrigerator. The enthalpy method has been applied to investigate the heat release and storage rate of encapsulated ice. The effect of three parameters was investigated by the numerical method: PCM thickness, ambient temperature and evaporating temperature. The results showed that the melting and freezing time increased proportionally with PCM thickness. The refrigerator autonomy was reduced by 48% when the ambient temperature was increased from 20°C to 43°C and the freezing time increased by 27% when the evaporating temperature was reduced from -10°C to -15°C. A CFD simulation of the airflow and temperature distribution in the natural convection refrigerator was carried out to evaluate the most effective position to place the PCM (top or back wall). The predicted airflow patterns and temperature profiles were considerably different for the two PCM orientations. The predicted air temperature was above 5ºC, thus a eutectic PCM may be required to reduce the temperature in the refrigerator compartment

Smart Local Energy Systems (SLES): A framework for exploring transition, context, and impacts

Energy systems globally are becoming increasingly decentralised; experiencing new types of loads; incorporating digital or “smart” technologies; and seeing the demand side engage in new ways. These changes impact on the management and regulation of future energy systems and question how they will support a socially equitable, acceptable, net-zero transition. This paper couples a meta-narrative literature review with expert interviews to explore how socio-technical regimes associated with centralised systems of provision (i.e. the prevailing paradigm in many countries around the world) differ to those of smart local energy systems (SLES). Findings show how SLES regimes incorporate niche technologies, business models and governance structures to enable new forms of localised operation and optimisation (e.g. automated network management), smarter decision making and planning, by new actors (e.g. local authorities, other local stakeholders), and engaging users in new ways. Through this they are expected to deliver on a wide range of outcomes, both within the SLES boundary and to the wider system. However, there may be trade-offs between outcomes due to pressures for change originating from competing actors (e.g. landscape vs. incumbents in the regime); understanding the mapping between different outcomes, SLES elements and their interconnections will be key to unlocking wider benefits