El origen de la Psicología en Japón y algunas de sus terapias más conocidas

Trabajo de Fin de Máster del Máster en Asia oriental - Estudios japoneses. Curso 2019-2020.[ES] El presente trabajo revisa en el contexto de la apertura de Japón a Occidente en la Era Meiji la “modernización” u “occidentalización” de Japón así como la introducción de la disciplina de la psicología moderna occidental, además de explicar brevemente las principales características de las tres grandes “enseñanzas” que conforman el pensa-miento, y por lo tanto, la cultura japonesa. Por último, muestra las tres terapias japo-nesas más conocidas a nivel internacional: la Terapia Morita, la Terapia Naikan y la Terapia Hakoniwa, destacando las características que diferencian a estas terapias de las terapias occidentales.[EN] The present work reviews in the context of the opening of Japan to the West in the Meiji Era the "modernization" or "westernization" of Japan as well as the introduction of the discipline of modern western psychology, in addition to briefly explaining the main characteristics of the three great "teachings" that shape thought, and hence, jap-anese culture. Finally, it shows the three most internationally well-known japanese therapies: Morita Therapy, Naikan Therapy and Hakoniwa Therapy, highlighting the characteristics that differentiate these therapies from Western therapies

Rebrotes de carga viral en pacientes con infección por VIH: magnitud del problema, factores asociados y riesgo de fracaso virológico

218 p.ANTECEDENTES: el objetivo actual del tratamiento antirretroviral (TAR) en pacientes con infección por VIH es mantener una carga viral plasmática (CVP) por debajo de 50 cop/mL. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: revisión retrospectiva de pacientes con infección por VIH, buena adherencia al tratamiento y seguimiento regular en la consulta que han conseguido CVP <50 cop/mL con TAR. Nuestro objetivo es calcular la prevalencia y tasa de incidencia de cualquier rebrote virológico en general y de los transitorios (¿blips¿) en particular, analizar los factores de riesgo asociados a su aparición e investigar si los ¿blips¿ se asocian a un mayor riesgo de fracaso virológico futuro.RESULTADOS: incluimos 391pacientes de los cuales el 49.9% presentan un rebrote virológico (seguimiento total de 2.163 pacientes-año). En el 86% de los casos dicho rebrote es transitorio y en el 75% es de bajo nivel (<200 cop/mL). Tanto los rebrotes virológicos como los ¿blips¿ son más frecuentes en invierno y con algunas técnicas de CVP (branched DNA assay y Ampliprep/Cobas Taqman® v.2.0.¿). El uso de fármacos antirretrovirales de primera generación o las pautas de TAR basadas solo en ITIAN son el único factor que se asocia a la aparición de "blips" (OR=3,4 (1,9-5,9). Los pacientes con viremias transitorias no tienen un mayor riesgo de fracaso virológico (HR=1,48 (0,81-2,70).CONCLUSIONES: los rebrotes virológicos por encima de 50 cop/mL en pacientes con CVP previa indetectable son frecuentes, aunque habitualmente son transitorios, únicos y de bajo nivel. En una cohorte previamente bien seleccionada de pacientes con buena adherencia al tratamiento, los rebrotes transitorios no se asocian a un mayor riesgo de fracaso virológico

Treatment with tocilizumab or corticosteroids for COVID-19 patients with hyperinflammatory state: a multicentre cohort study (SAM-COVID-19)

Objectives: The objective of this study was to estimate the association between tocilizumab or corticosteroids and the risk of intubation or death in patients with coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) with a hyperinflammatory state according to clinical and laboratory parameters. Methods: A cohort study was performed in 60 Spanish hospitals including 778 patients with COVID-19 and clinical and laboratory data indicative of a hyperinflammatory state. Treatment was mainly with tocilizumab, an intermediate-high dose of corticosteroids (IHDC), a pulse dose of corticosteroids (PDC), combination therapy, or no treatment. Primary outcome was intubation or death; follow-up was 21 days. Propensity score-adjusted estimations using Cox regression (logistic regression if needed) were calculated. Propensity scores were used as confounders, matching variables and for the inverse probability of treatment weights (IPTWs). Results: In all, 88, 117, 78 and 151 patients treated with tocilizumab, IHDC, PDC, and combination therapy, respectively, were compared with 344 untreated patients. The primary endpoint occurred in 10 (11.4%), 27 (23.1%), 12 (15.4%), 40 (25.6%) and 69 (21.1%), respectively. The IPTW-based hazard ratios (odds ratio for combination therapy) for the primary endpoint were 0.32 (95%CI 0.22-0.47; p < 0.001) for tocilizumab, 0.82 (0.71-1.30; p 0.82) for IHDC, 0.61 (0.43-0.86; p 0.006) for PDC, and 1.17 (0.86-1.58; p 0.30) for combination therapy. Other applications of the propensity score provided similar results, but were not significant for PDC. Tocilizumab was also associated with lower hazard of death alone in IPTW analysis (0.07; 0.02-0.17; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Tocilizumab might be useful in COVID-19 patients with a hyperinflammatory state and should be prioritized for randomized trials in this situatio

Effectiveness and safety of integrase strand transfer inhibitors in Spain: a prospective real-world study

IntroductionSecond-generation integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) are preferred treatment options worldwide, and dolutegravir (DTG) is the treatment of choice in resource-limited settings. Nevertheless, in some resource-limited settings, these drugs are not always available. An analysis of the experience with the use of INSTIs in unselected adults living with HIV may be of help to make therapeutic decisions when second-generation INSTIs are not available. This study aimed to evaluate the real-life effectiveness and safety of dolutegravir (DTG), elvitegravir/cobicistat (EVG/c), and raltegravir (RAL) in a large Spanish cohort of HIV-1-infected patients.MethodsReal-world study of adults living with HIV who initiated integrase INSTIs DTG, EVG/c, and RAL-based regimens in three settings (ART-naïve patients, ART-switching, and ART-salvage patients). The primary endpoint was the median time to treatment discontinuation after INSTI-based regimen initiation. Proportion of patients experiencing virological failure (VF) (defined as two consecutive viral loads (VL) ≥200 copies/mL at 24 weeks or as a single determination of VL ≥1,000 copies/mL while receiving DTG, EVG/c or RAL, and at least 3 months after INSTI initiation) and time to VF were also evaluated.ResultsVirological effectiveness of EVG/c- and RAL-based regimens was similar to that of DTG when given as first-line and salvage therapy. Treatment switching for reasons other than virological failure was more frequent in subjects receiving EVG/c and, in particular, RAL. Naïve patients with CD4+ nadir &lt;100 cells/μL were more likely to develop VF, particularly if they initiated RAL or EVG/c. In the ART switching population, initiation of RAL and EVG/c was associated with both VF and INSTI discontinuation. There were no differences in the time to VF and INSTI discontinuation between DTG, EVG/c and RAL. Immunological parameters improved in the three groups and for the three drugs assessed. Safety and tolerability were consistent with expected safety profiles.DiscussionWhereas second-generation INSTIs are preferred treatment options worldwide, and DTG is one of the treatment of choices in resource-limited settings, first-generation INSTIs may still provide high virological and immunological effectiveness when DTG is not available

Spatiotemporal Characteristics of the Largest HIV-1 CRF02_AG Outbreak in Spain: Evidence for Onward Transmissions

Background and Aim: The circulating recombinant form 02_AG (CRF02_AG) is the predominant clade among the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) non-Bs with a prevalence of 5.97% (95% Confidence Interval-CI: 5.41–6.57%) across Spain. Our aim was to estimate the levels of regional clustering for CRF02_AG and the spatiotemporal characteristics of the largest CRF02_AG subepidemic in Spain.Methods: We studied 396 CRF02_AG sequences obtained from HIV-1 diagnosed patients during 2000–2014 from 10 autonomous communities of Spain. Phylogenetic analysis was performed on the 391 CRF02_AG sequences along with all globally sampled CRF02_AG sequences (N = 3,302) as references. Phylodynamic and phylogeographic analysis was performed to the largest CRF02_AG monophyletic cluster by a Bayesian method in BEAST v1.8.0 and by reconstructing ancestral states using the criterion of parsimony in Mesquite v3.4, respectively.Results: The HIV-1 CRF02_AG prevalence differed across Spanish autonomous communities we sampled from (p &lt; 0.001). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 52.7% of the CRF02_AG sequences formed 56 monophyletic clusters, with a range of 2–79 sequences. The CRF02_AG regional dispersal differed across Spain (p = 0.003), as suggested by monophyletic clustering. For the largest monophyletic cluster (subepidemic) (N = 79), 49.4% of the clustered sequences originated from Madrid, while most sequences (51.9%) had been obtained from men having sex with men (MSM). Molecular clock analysis suggested that the origin (tMRCA) of the CRF02_AG subepidemic was in 2002 (median estimate; 95% Highest Posterior Density-HPD interval: 1999–2004). Additionally, we found significant clustering within the CRF02_AG subepidemic according to the ethnic origin.Conclusion: CRF02_AG has been introduced as a result of multiple introductions in Spain, following regional dispersal in several cases. We showed that CRF02_AG transmissions were mostly due to regional dispersal in Spain. The hot-spot for the largest CRF02_AG regional subepidemic in Spain was in Madrid associated with MSM transmission risk group. The existence of subepidemics suggest that several spillovers occurred from Madrid to other areas. CRF02_AG sequences from Hispanics were clustered in a separate subclade suggesting no linkage between the local and Hispanic subepidemics

Estudio transversal de comorbilidades y medicaciones concomitantes en una cohorte de pacientes infectados por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana

Objetivo: Valorar la prevalencia de comorbilidades, tratamientos concomitantes y episodios adversos asociados a la medicación en una cohorte de pacientes con infección por VIH. Diseño: Estudio transversal multicéntrico. Emplazamiento: Consultas externas especializadas del servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas o Medicina Interna de 3 hospitales de la comunidad autónoma del País Vasco. Participantes: Durante 3 meses se seleccionaron de forma aleatoria pacientes con los siguientes criterios de inclusión: infección por VIH, edad superior a 18 años, tratamiento antirretroviral (TAR) desde al menos 6 meses y pauta de TAR estable las últimas 4 semanas. Se incluyeron 224 pacientes del total de 225 previstos. Mediciones principales: Se recogieron mediante formulario datos epidemiológicos y antropométricos relativos a la infección por VIH, comorbilidades, tratamientos concomitantes y episodios adversos. Resultados: El 95,5% de los pacientes presentaban alguna comorbilidad, siendo las más frecuentes: infección por VHC (51,3%), dislipidemias (37,9%), glucemia basal alterada o diabetes mellitus (21,9%) e hipertensión arterial (21,9%). El 69,2% tomaban alguna medicación concomitante al TAR: ansiolíticos (21,4%), antihipertensivos (19,6%), inhibidores de la bomba de protones (17,9%), estatinas (17%) o antidepresivos (16,5%). El 62,9% presentaban algún efecto adverso, los más frecuentes la alteración de la distribución de grasa corporal (32,6%) y digestivos (24,1%). Conclusiones: Nuestros pacientes con infección por VIH son cada vez mayores, con mayor número de comorbilidades, con uso muy frecuente de tratamientos concomitantes y elevada prevalencia de episodios adversos. Esto obliga a un abordaje multidisciplinar y a una labor coordinada con atención primaria

Impact of late presentation of HIV infection on short-, mid- and long-term mortality and causes of death in a multicenter national cohort : 2004-2013

To analyze the impact of late presentation (LP) on overall mortality and causes of death and describe LP trends and risk factors (2004-2013). Cox models and logistic regression were used to analyze data from a nation-wide cohort in Spain. LP is defined as being diagnosed when CD4 < 350 cells/ml or AIDS. Of 7165 new HIV diagnoses, 46.9% (CI:45.7-48.0) were LP, 240 patients died.First-year mortality was the highest (aHR = 10.3[CI:5.5-19.3]); between 1 and 4 years post-diagnosis, aHR = 1.9(1.2-3.0); an

COVID-19 in hospitalized HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients : A matched study

CatedresObjectives: We compared the characteristics and clinical outcomes of hospitalized individuals with COVID-19 with [people with HIV (PWH)] and without (non-PWH) HIV co-infection in Spain during the first wave of the pandemic. Methods: This was a retrospective matched cohort study. People with HIV were identified by reviewing clinical records and laboratory registries of 10 922 patients in active-follow-up within the Spanish HIV Research Network (CoRIS) up to 30 June 2020. Each hospitalized PWH was matched with five non-PWH of the same age and sex randomly selected from COVID-19@Spain, a multicentre cohort of 4035 patients hospitalized with confirmed COVID-19. The main outcome was all-cause in-hospital mortality. Results: Forty-five PWH with PCR-confirmed COVID-19 were identified in CoRIS, 21 of whom were hospitalized. A total of 105 age/sex-matched controls were selected from the COVID-19@Spain cohort. The median age in both groups was 53 (Q1-Q3, 46-56) years, and 90.5% were men. In PWH, 19.1% were injecting drug users, 95.2% were on antiretroviral therapy, 94.4% had HIV-RNA < 50 copies/mL, and the median (Q1-Q3) CD4 count was 595 (349-798) cells/μL. No statistically significant differences were found between PWH and non-PWH in number of comorbidities, presenting signs and symptoms, laboratory parameters, radiology findings and severity scores on admission. Corticosteroids were administered to 33.3% and 27.4% of PWH and non-PWH, respectively (P = 0.580). Deaths during admission were documented in two (9.5%) PWH and 12 (11.4%) non-PWH (P = 0.800). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that well-controlled HIV infection does not modify the clinical presentation or worsen clinical outcomes of COVID-19 hospitalization