The Treaty of Moultrie Creek, 1823

A decade before the United States obtained possession of the whole of Florida the Indians had learned to fear Americans. Three times the men of the new nation to the north had invaded the peninsula; two of these invasions had brought ruin to the redmen. The first invasion-during the “Patriot War” of 1811-1813 - had initiated the disintegration of the towns and the agriculture of the Indians, east of the Suwannee River. The second - Andrew Jackson’s campaign in 1818 - had wreaked the same havoc upon those west of the Suwannee. The Florida Indians were never the same after these two catastrophes; perceptive white men testified to this fact

The Journal of A. B. Meek and the Second Seminole War, 1836

Alexander Beaufort Meek was born in Columbia, South Carolina, March 17, 1814, the son of a methodist minister. While he was still young his parents migrated to Tuscaloosa, Alabama, taking him with them. Although inclined to be indolent, learning came easily to the boy. Proof of this is that at a tender age he memorized the entire Old Testament. At age nineteen he was graduated from the University of Alabama (1833), and at twenty-two was awarded a master’s degree from the same school. Meanwhile, in 1835 he had begun the practice of law in Tuscaloosa

Postscript to John Bemrose\u27s Reminiscences

Since John Bemrose\u27s Reminiscences of the Second Seminole War was published, additional information about the author has been found. Inconsequential though the new data is, perhaps some of the fun of uncovering it can be communicated to the reader. From the date of publication it has troubled me that I did not know what became of Bemrose after he had returned to his native England. The opportunity to fill in the unknown factors came during the summer of 1967, when I was in Britain

Letters from the Second Seminole War

These pages are built around fragments drawn from the letters and diary entries written by Joseph R. Smith. They contain nothing important enough to require a reinterpretation of the Second Seminole War, 1835-1842; indeed they have little significance except that they enlarge the printed record left by the people who lived at that time. This record helps us, in spite of the one hundred and thirty years lying between, to bring to life their interesting era

Two Seminole Treaties: Payne\u27s Landing, 1832, Ft. Gibson, 1833

The treaty of Moultrie Creek or Camp Moultrie, of 1823, quickly revealed more weaknesses than strengths. Conspicuous among them was the absence of any deadline date by which the Seminoles were expected to be within the boundaries of their reservation. Very shortly it became obvious that the Indians were dissatisfied with the treaty, did not want to move, and were in no hurry to do so. Even after months had passed, still only a few had entered the reservation

Hydrophosphination of unactivated alkenes and alkynes using iron(II):catalysis and mechanistic insight

The catalytic addition of phosphines to alkenes and alkynes is a very attractive process that offers access to phosphines in a 100% atom-economic reaction using readily available and inexpensive materials. The products are potentially useful ligands and organocatalysts. Herein, we report the first example of intramolecular hydrophosphination of a series of nonactivated phosphinoalkenes and phosphinoalkynes with a simple iron β-diketiminate complex. Kinetic studies suggest that this transformation is first-order with respect to both the phosphine and the catalyst. A mechanistic interpretation of the iron-catalyzed hydrophosphination is presented, supported by the experimental evidence collected

Placental uptake and metabolism of 25(OH)vitamin D determine its activity within the fetoplacental unit

Pregnancy 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations are associated with maternal and fetal health outcomes. Using physiological human placental perfusion and villous explants, we investigate the role of the placenta in regulating the relationships between maternal 25(OH)D and fetal physiology. We demonstrate active placental uptake of 25(OH)D3 by endocytosis, placental metabolism of 25(OH)D3 into 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and active 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D3], with subsequent release of these metabolites into both the maternal and fetal circulations. Active placental transport of 25(OH)D3 and synthesis of 1,25(OH)2D3 demonstrate that fetal supply is dependent on placental function rather than simply the availability of maternal 25(OH)D3. We demonstrate that 25(OH)D3 exposure induces rapid effects on the placental transcriptome and proteome. These map to multiple pathways central to placental function and thereby fetal development, independent of vitamin D transfer. Our data suggest that the underlying epigenetic landscape helps dictate the transcriptional response to vitamin D treatment. This is the first quantitative study demonstrating vitamin D transfer and metabolism by the human placenta, with widespread effects on the placenta itself. These data demonstrate a complex interplay between vitamin D and the placenta and will inform future interventions using vitamin D to support fetal development and maternal adaptations to pregnancy.</jats:p

Relationship between placental expression of the imprinted PHLDA2 gene, intrauterine skeletal growth and childhood bone mass

Alterations in expression of the imprinted gene PHLDA2 are linked to low birth weight in both humans and the mouse. However birth weight is a summary measure of fetal growth and provides little information on the growth rate of the fetus in early and late pregnancy. To examine the relation of PHLDA2 expression with rates of fetal growth and explore associations with the infant's body composition in early childhood, we measured PHLDA2 mRNA levels in the term placenta of 102 infants whose mothers were participating in the Southampton Women's Survey (SWS). Higher PHLDA2 expression was associated with a lower fetal femur growth velocity between 19 and 34 weeks gestation. In addition, higher placental PHLDA2 gene expression was associated with a lower child's bone mineral content at four years of age, measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The results suggest that placental PHLDA2 may provide a biomarker for suboptimal skeletal growth in pregnancies uncomplicated by overt fetal growth restriction