Cephalometry to determine the head index of children younger than 6 years in kindergartens at the Ministry of higher education in Kabul, Afghanistan

Background: A part of the anthropometry that measures and studies the dimensions of the head and the faces is called cephalometric, the results of which are used in various medical branches. The standard of this measurement is different in each country because different racial factors and geographic impact on it, so the values obtained by researchers in other countries cannot be a criterion for determining the normal growth of head in other countries. The aim of this study was to determine the head standard index and the prevalence of head anatomic types in children younger than 6 years old in Kabul ministry of higher education Kindergartens in order to determine the head standard index in 2018.Methods: This descriptive study was conducted for all male and female children less than 6 years old at the ministry of higher education in Kabul, which had no specific physical and mental problems in 2018. The measurements of the length and width of the head were measured by the Martin Calliper Cephalometry, and according to the protocol, the head index and the prevalence of different phenotypes was determined.Results: Based on the present study, it was found that most of the male and female head are in the form of brachicephalic with a total percentage of 56.82%, as well as 31.81% of the heads hyper brachicephalic and 9.09% of the mesosafalic head and the lowest number of heads the were dolgossific species with a total percentage of 2.28%. Also, the study of the head index based on age showed that in less than one-year olds, the heads were most the type of hyper brachicephalic and in other age groups, the head index was lower and the brachicephalic.Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that the dominant phenotypes in children under the age of six years in kindergartens at the ministry of higher education in Kabul are of brachicephalic in both males and females

In vitro transplantation of spermatogonial stem cells isolated from human frozen–thawed testis tissue can induce spermatogenesis under 3-dimensional tissue culture conditions

Abstract Background Sperm production is one of the most complex biological processes in the body. In vitro production of sperm is one of the most important goals of researches in the field of male infertility treatment, which is very important in male cancer patients treated with gonadotoxic methods and drugs. In this study, we examine the progression of spermatogenesis after transplantation of spermatogonial stem cells under conditions of testicular tissue culture. Results Testicular tissue samples from azoospermic patients were obtained and then these were freeze–thawed. Spermatogonial stem cells were isolated by two enzymatic digestion steps and the identification of these cells was confirmed by detecting the PLZF protein. These cells, after being labeled with DiI, were transplanted in azoospermia adult mice model. The host testes were placed on agarose gel as tissue culture system. After 8 weeks, histomorphometric, immunohistochemical and molecular studies were performed. The results of histomorphometric studies showed that the mean number of spermatogonial cells, spermatocytes and spermatids in the experimental group was significantly more than the control group (without transplantation) (P < 0.05) and most of the cells responded positively to the detection of DiI. Immunohistochemical studies in host testes fragments in the experimental group express the PLZF, SCP3 and ACRBP proteins in spermatogonial cells, spermatocyte and spermatozoa, respectively, which confirmed the human nature of these cells. Also, in molecular studies of PLZF, Tekt1 and TP1, the results indicated that the genes were positive in the test group, while not in the control group. Conclusion These results suggest that the slow freezing of SSCs can support the induction of spermatogenesis to produce haploid cells under the 3-dimensional testicular tissue culture

Increase of Proliferation and Colonization in Mouse Spermatogonial Stem Cell by Low Intensity Ultrasound

Background  Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) are the foundation of spermatogenesis. Sound wave especially low intensity ultrasound (LIUS) can be effective on increasing the number of cells. In this study we investigated the effect of LIUS stimulation on mouse SSCs proliferation and colonization. Methods: Isolated SSCs from neonate mice cultured in DMEM culture medium with 10% Fetal Bovine Serum. In the first phase of study, temperature controlled and in the second phase, SSCs stimulated by LIUS with 3 different Intensity dose (100, 200 and 300 mW/cm2) for 5 day and SSCs proliferation and colonization assessed at 7th day. Results:  The LIUS treatment of mouse SSCs increased the proliferation rate and colonization of SSCs in experimental groups compared to the control group. Average of proliferation rate in 100, 200, 300 mW/cm2 and control group were 1.96 ± 0.03, 2.26 ± 0.03, 1.73 ± 0.03 and 1.66 ± 0.03, respectively. Average number of colonies in 100, 200,300 mW/cm2 and control group were 45 ± 1.2, 53 ± 2.4, 28 ± 1.2 and 20 ± 0.8, respectively. Average diameters of colonies in 100, 200, 300 mW/cm2 and control group were 235.3 ± 6.8 µm, 204.6 ± 12.3 µm, 203.6 ± 5.6  and 214.3 ± 9.1 µm, respectively. Our results showed that there was significant increase in proliferation rate and number of colonies in experimental groups compared to control group (

Interaction between non-coding RNAs and Toll-like receptors

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a large group of pattern recognition receptors which are involved in the regulation of innate immune responses. Based on the interplay between TLRs and adapter molecules, two distinctive signaling cascades, namely the MyD88-dependent and TRIF-dependent pathways have been recognized. TLRs are involved in the development of a wide variety of diseases including cancer and autoimmune disorders. A large body of evidence has shown interaction between two classes of non-coding RNAs, namely microRNAs (miRNAs) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). These interactions have prominent roles in the pathogenesis of several disorders including infectious disorders, autoimmune conditions and neoplastic disorders. This review aims at description of the interaction between these non-coding RNAs and TLRs