Views on race and gender in roman catholic girls’ education: a case study of Embakwe 'coloured' school experiment, 1922-1965

A ZJER case study (1922-1965) on race and gender at a Catholic Girls School during the colonial era in Zimbabwe.Colonial education created a racially segregated education system with each race accorded education that would fit it in the socially stratified society. The colonial settlers had a European type of education while the black majority received education that demoted them to menial and clerical jobs. The colonial system, however, had to find another educational category within the system for a new ethnic group, the mixed race or 'coloureds', who were the progeny of sexual liaisons between 'white masters’ and their African women servants. This paper demonstrates how this specially designed education system, which fell within a broader framework of a racially segregated education system, was crafted in such a way as to make the coloured people take specific roles in a racially segregated colonial society. At Embakwe, gender as a social category was constructed side-by-side with that of race, both categories being indispensable to the colonial order. The extent to which 'coloured' girls at Embakwe were agents in shaping female 'coloured' identity within the colonial context, as well as their agency in resisting the colonial and missionary design to 'emancipate' the 'coloured' children by separating them from their mothers permanently is discussed. The colonial mastery failed to undo the effects of racial separation as evidenced in Coloureds reconnecting with their African mothers

Characterisation and management of non-formal solid waste management disposal sites in Harare, Zimbabwe

Text in EnglishThe study focused on the characterisation and management of non-formal solid waste disposal sites in Harare, the capital city of the Republic of Zimbabwe. In many developing countries, increasing urbanisation surpasses the development of urban infrastructure and this has led to the proliferation of informal settlements, illegal dumping sites and uncontrolled vending in cities like Harare. The researcher investigated the prevalence of non-formal dumping sites in Harare, including the composition, locational attributes and internal linkages of solid waste. Practices regarding the management of non-formal solid waste disposal sites were examined and areas of good practice and conformity to international standards were complemented while recommendations and suggestions were made on areas that were found wanting. An integrated management system was recommended for the sustainable management of solid waste. To support this recommendation, management window of responsibilities (EMWR) model was created so that the Harare City Council can enhance stakeholder participation. The research results show that most residents used non-conventional ways to store waste, like mealie-meal bags and sacks, and this posed a danger to human health. It also emerged that the city of Harare has not updated some of its by-laws, some of which were enacted about 33 years ago while others remained drafts for decades. This made it difficult for the city to effectively implement them.Environmental SciencesM.Sc. (Environmental Management

Rural villages as a sustainable approach for the provision of farm workers housing related needs in Mpumalanga Province

The idea of a rural village is a new settlement concept that has been piloted by the Steve Tshwete Municipality in Mpumalanga Province. It has been used as a mechanism for providing basic services and security of tenure to farm dwellers. The purpose of this research is to assess if rural villages can be a sustainable approach for the provision of farm workers housing related needs. Doornkop Rural Village was used as a case study. The location of the rural villages far from urban centres where economic opportunities exist, creates problems such as high transport costs and decreases chances of getting alternative employments. Rural villages are costly to service as they are located far from the municipal bulk infrastructure. This may lead to creation of dormitory settlements. On the contrary, location rural villages 15km closer to urban areas may encourage urban sprawl and sterilisation of agricultural potential of adjacent farms. The rate of revenue collection at rural villages is very low as most of the households are indigent. Therefore, rural villages are not a sustainable approach for the provision of farm workers housing related need

The benefits and problems related to the proposed national health insurance in South Africa

Globally, the focus of many governments is on achieving universal health care for the citizens. In ensuring universal health care for South Africans, a National Health Insurance scheme has been established with a special focus on ensuring efficiency and effectiveness in the health sector. South Africa is reforming its health care system by the implementation of the NHI scheme which is seen by the South African government as the key to addressing the shortcomings and disparities in the health care sector in the country. The primary aim of this study was to review the available literature and policies related to the benefits and the problems around the NHI in South Africa. The study sought to determine the benefits associated with the implementation of NHI, to identify the possible challenges that may affect the effective implementation of NHI and to give recommendations based on the study on how the NHI can be implemented in a sustainable way. The Agency theory was adopted as a theoretical framework that guides the study. A qualitative research approach was utilised with the use of the exploratory and descriptive research designs. The data was collected through document analysis and thematic analysis was utilised to analyse the collected data. The findings show that the implementation of NHI in South Africa is beneficial as it will address issues of inequality and scarcity within the health care sector. Notably, there are some underlying shortcomings of the South African health care system which are likely to also affect NHI effective implementation. These include capacity of the government, corruption, mismanagement, wastage of resources, unequal distribution of health care professionals, and lack of knowledge on the part of the health care practitioners. This study concludes that these issues need to be addressed for the effective and efficient implementation of the NHI in South Africa. The study recommends strengthening monitoring and evaluation, accountability, training of more health professionals, conducting a baseline survey and building capacity of the government to implement NHI successfully.Thesis (MPhil) -- Faculty of Business and Economic Sciences, Development Finance, 202

The benefits and problems related to the proposed national health insurance in South Africa

Globally, the focus of many governments is on achieving universal health care for the citizens. In ensuring universal health care for South Africans, a National Health Insurance scheme has been established with a special focus on ensuring efficiency and effectiveness in the health sector. South Africa is reforming its health care system by the implementation of the NHI scheme which is seen by the South African government as the key to addressing the shortcomings and disparities in the health care sector in the country. The primary aim of this study was to review the available literature and policies related to the benefits and the problems around the NHI in South Africa. The study sought to determine the benefits associated with the implementation of NHI, to identify the possible challenges that may affect the effective implementation of NHI and to give recommendations based on the study on how the NHI can be implemented in a sustainable way. The Agency theory was adopted as a theoretical framework that guides the study. A qualitative research approach was utilised with the use of the exploratory and descriptive research designs. The data was collected through document analysis and thematic analysis was utilised to analyse the collected data. The findings show that the implementation of NHI in South Africa is beneficial as it will address issues of inequality and scarcity within the health care sector. Notably, there are some underlying shortcomings of the South African health care system which are likely to also affect NHI effective implementation. These include capacity of the government, corruption, mismanagement, wastage of resources, unequal distribution of health care professionals, and lack of knowledge on the part of the health care practitioners. This study concludes that these issues need to be addressed for the effective and efficient implementation of the NHI in South Africa. The study recommends strengthening monitoring and evaluation, accountability, training of more health professionals, conducting a baseline survey and building capacity of the government to implement NHI successfully.Thesis (MPhil) -- Faculty of Business and Economic Sciences, Development Finance, 202

Ecologie et Répartition Spatiale des Peuplements des Siluriformes dans deux Rivières Forestières Yoko et Biaro (Province Tshopo, Fleuve Congo, R.D. Congo)

La présente étude sur l’écologie et la répartition des Siluriformes entreprise de septembre 2008 à août 2009, a pour but de caractériser et de déterminer les facteurs responsables de la distribution spatio-temporelle des Siluriformes dans les rivières Yoko et Biaro dans la Réserve forestière de Yoko. Des filets maillants, palangres et nasses traditionnelles ont été utilisés pour capturer les poissons. Ainsi, 572 silures au total, repartis en 15 espèces appartenant à 9 genres et 6 familles ont été récoltés. Les Clariidae et Claroteidae sont les plus diversifiées avec respectivement : 5 et 4 espèces chacune. L’indice de diversité de Shannon varie de 1,54 à 0,40 ; tandis que, celui de Simpson oscille entre 0,75 et 0,18 et l’équitabilité entre 0,86 et 0,29. Ce qui indique une biodiversité élevée mais dont l’équilibre et la structure varient selon les stations. L’Analyse en Composantes Principales (ACP), l’Analyse Factorielle des Correspondances (AFC) et l’Analyse Canonique des Correspondances (ACC) montrent qu’il existe, d’une part, des liens entre les stations Yoko 1, 2, 3 et 4 et Biaro 3 et d’autre part, entre les espèces Schilbe marmoratus, Clarias (Anguilloclarias) ebriensis, Schilbenigrita, Clarias buthupogon, Clarias pachynema et Parauchenoglanis punctatus, du fait de la corrélation positive qui existe entre les paramètres abiotiques et la végétation ripicole. De même, Schilbe grenfelli ; Anaspidoglanis macrostoma et Chrysichthys (Melanodactylus) dageti sont respectivement liées aux stations Biaro 1, 2 et 4, du fait de la corrélation positive existant avec les variables végétation ripicole, température de l’eau élevée (avoisinant 24°C), vitesse de l’eau moyennement faible (variant entre 0,29 et 0,37 m/s) d’une part et d’autre part, du fait de plus grande profondeur de l’eau (0,67 m), plus grande largeur de rivière (17,9 m) et oxygène dissous légèrement déficitaire. Et enfin, du fait de la nature des substrats (sablonneux, caillouteux, rocheux garni de pierres, feuilles mortes, bois morts et débris végétaux). Ceci atteste, que les variables environnementales (abiotiques et biotiques) agissent ensemble dans la répartition spatiale des peuplements des Siluriformes.   This paper on the ecology and distribution of Siluriformes, undertaken from September 2008 to August 2009, focuses on characterizing and determining the factors responsible for the spatio-temporal distribution of Siluriformes in the Yoko and Biaro rivers in the Yoko Forest Reserve. Gillnets, longlines, and traditional traps were used to catch the fish. 572 catfish in total, divided into 15 species, belonging to 9 genera and 6 families were collected. The Clariidae and Claroteidae are the most diversified with 5 and 4 species each respectively. Shannon's diversity index varies from 1.54 to 0.40, while that of Simpson oscillates between 0.75 and 0.18 and the equitability between 0.86 and 0.29. This indicates a high biodiversity but their balance and structure varies according to the stations. Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Factorial Correspondence Analysis (FCA), and Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) show that there are, on the one hand, links between stations Yoko 1, 2, 3 and 4 and Biaro 3 and, on the other hand, between the species Schilbe marmoratus, Clarias (Anguilloclarias) ebriensis, Schilbe nigrita, Clarias buthupogon, Clarias pachynema and Parauchenoglanis punctatus. This is due to a positive correlation that exists between the abiotic parameters and the riparian vegetation. Likewise, Schilbe grenfelli, Anaspidoglanis macrostoma, and Chrysichthys (Melanodactylus) dageti are respectively linked to Biaro stations 1, 2, and 4. This also is due to the positive correlation existing with the variables riparian vegetation, high water temperature (around 24°C), and speed of moderately low water (varying between 0.29 and 0.37 m/s) on the one hand. On the other hand, it is due to greater water depth (0.67 m), greater river width (17.9 m), slightly lower dissolved oxygen, and finally because of the nature of the substrates (sandy, stony, rocky topped with stones, dead leaves, dead wood and plant debris). This shows that the environmental variables (abiotic and biotic) act together in the spatial distribution of Siluriformes populations

Journal of African Christian Biography: v. 7, no. 1

A publication of the Dictionary of African Christian Biography with U.S. offices located at the Center for Global Christianity and Mission at Boston University. This issue focuses on: Focus: Archbishop Desmond Tutu (South Africa) and Msgr. Tharcisse Tshibangu (DRC); Deji Isaac Ayegboyin (Nigeria); Women’s stories (Kenya and Zimbabwe) 1. Introduction: Activism, Theology, and Witness with an African Color. 2. Tribute Archbishop Desmond Tutu (1931-2021) & South African Black Theology By Francis Anekwe Oborji. 3. Appendix: A Brief Biography of Desmond Tutu’s Life. 4. Tribute Msgr. Tharcisse Tshibangu (1933 – 2021): Promoter of Theology with an “African Color” By Francis Anekwe Oborji. 5. Interview with Deji Isaac Ayegboyin, DACB Pioneer and Facilitator in Nigeria. 6. Book Review The Power of the Word, *A History of the Seventh-day Adventism in Central Kenya*: Highlighting the Role of Mama Eunice Njoki Wangai By Mary Getui. 7. “Why Can’t We Ordain Nellie?”: Leadership, Faith, and Hagiography in the Life of Nellie Maduma Mlotshwa, Zimbabwe By Wendy Urban-Mead. 8. “A Character Worth Writing About”: Sikhawulaphi Khumalo’s Education and Christian Experiences at Empandeni Mission, Southwestern Zimbabwe, 1900–1940s By Barbara Mahamba. 9. Recent Print and Digital Resources Related to Christianity in Africa Compiled by Beth Restrick, Head, BU African Studies Library

Dynamics of Land Use and Land Cover Change in the South Talihya Watershed North Kivu, Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo

peer reviewedThe anthropization of forest ecosystems has become a major environmental problem with negative impacts on biodiversity around the world. Responding to such a problem requires monitoring land use. Thus, this study aims to analyze the Spatio-temporal dynamics of land use (LULC) to implement effective management strategies for forest ecosystems in the South Talihya watershed in eastern DR Congo.  For this, a diachronic study of Landsat TM+ satellite images from 1987 and 2001 and Sentinel-2 from 2020 was used. The results revealed that natural formations have regressed in favor of croplands and fallow mosaics in the Talihya South watershed. The forests which occupied 183.68 km2 in 1987, decreased to 140.94 km2 in 2001 and 108.2 km2 in 2020. Bare lands and buildings represented 87.54 km2 in 2020 against 115.33 km2 in 2001 and 58 .63 km2 in 1987. The current state of land use indicates that Crop lands, fallows, and pastures occupy a high surface area compared to forests and bare lands and buildings. These Crop lands, fallows, and pastures occupied 317.88 km2 in 1987, 303.74 km2 in 2001, and 373.34 km2 in 2020. The observed changes result from overexploitation of resources characterized by the expansion of agricultural lands and tree logging. The annual deforestation rate calculated from forested areas of Talihya South watershed between dates t0 (1987) and t1 (2020) was 1.60%. In view of these results, participatory land use planning is a way to ensure sustainable management of the existing residual forests in this watershed.15. Life on lan

‘Pushing the boundaries of interpretation’: The link between the nature and purpose of missionary records and the underutilisation of the Roman Catholic missionary archives on south-western Zimbabwe

This article explains the possible reasons behind, and offers possible solutions for, the underutilization of Roman Catholic missionary archives in constructing the history of South-western Zimbabwe. In this article, the underutilization of missionary archives is explained on the basis of the nature of the archives themselves, and the nature of the material found in these archives. The article links the purpose for which the material in missionary archives was gathered, the nature of the knowledge about Africans which was gathered and documented by missionaries to the underutilization of missionary archives. The article uses the author’s experience with Roman Catholic missionary archives in South-western as a window through which to project into the general problem of underutilization of missionary archives in Zimbabwe. It recommends the visibility and accessibility of missionary archives in order to enhance access to this rich archival resource