Unified aeroacoustics analysis for high speed turboprop aerodynamics and noise. Volume 5: Propagation of propeller tone noise through a fuselage boundary layer

An analysis of tone noise propagation through a boundary layer and fuselage scattering effects was derived. This analysis is a three dimensional and the complete wave field is solved by matching analytical expressions for the incident and scattered waves in the outer flow to a numerical solution in the boundary layer flow. The outer wave field is constructed analytically from an incident wave appropriate to the source and a scattered wave in the standard Hankel function form. For the incident wave, an existing function - domain propeller noise radiation theory is used. In the boundary layer region, the wave equation is solved by numerical methods. The theoretical analysis is embodied in a computer program which allows the calculation of correction factors for the fuselage scattering and boundary layer refraction effects. The effects are dependent on boundary layer profile, flight speed, and frequency. Corrections can be derived for any point on the fuselage, including those on the opposite side from the source. The theory was verified using limited cases and by comparing calculations with available measurements from JetStar tests of model prop-fans. For the JetStar model scale, the boundary layer refraction effects produce moderate fuselage pressure reinforcements aft of and near the plane of rotation and significant attenuation forward of the plane of rotation at high flight speeds. At lower flight speeds, the calculated boundary layer effects result in moderate amplification over the fuselage area of interest. Apparent amplification forward of the plane of rotation is a result of effective changes in the source directivity due to boundary layer refraction effects. Full scale effects are calculated to be moderate, providing fuselage pressure amplification of about 5 dB at the peak noise location. Evaluation using available noise measurements was made under high-speed, high-altitude flight conditions. Comparisons of calculations made of free field noise, using a current frequency-domain propeller noise prediction method, and fuselage effects using this new procedure show good agreement with fuselage measurements over a wide range of flight speeds and frequencies. Correction factors for the JetStar measurements made on the fuselage are provided in an Appendix

Advanced turbo-prop airplane interior noise reduction-source definition

Acoustic pressure amplitudes and phases were measured in model scale on the surface of a rigid semicylinder mounted in an acoustically treated wind tunnel near a prop-fan (an advanced turboprop with many swept blades) model. Operating conditions during the test simulated those of a prop-fan at 0.8 Mach number cruise. Acoustic pressure amplitude and phase contours were defined on the semicylinder surface. Measurements obtained without the semi-cylinder in place were used to establish the magnitude of pressure doubling for an aircraft fuselage located near a prop-fan. Pressure doubling effects were found to be 6dB at 90 deg incidence decreasing to no effect at grazing incidence. Comparisons of measurements with predictions made using a recently developed prop-fan noise prediction theory which includes linear and non-linear source terms showed good agreement in phase and in peak noise amplitude. Predictions of noise amplitude and phase contours, including pressure doubling effects derived from test, are included for a full scale prop-fan installation

A reatividade constitucional do sujeito. Uma “pedra de roseta” interdisciplinar

Aprender a identificar de manera integral, mixta y dinámica la constitución de un sujeto significa, por un lado, ayudarlo a autoconocerse en su manera de reaccionar (por eso se habla de reactividad constitucional y no más de biótopos o rasgos), de desarrollarse (madurar o destruirse), de relacionarse y aceptar a los demás tal como son; por otro lado, sirve para personalizar diagnóstico, terapia y pronóstico. La historia del constitucionalismo y un esquema sinóptico interdisciplinario (filosofía griega, teología, medicina hipocrática, galénica, homeopática, china, ayurvédica y holística, biología, embriología, bioquímica, fisiopatología, neurología, endocrinología, psicología y espiritualidad) muestra una precisa correspondencia y un denominador común sobre la base de la teoría constitucional embriológica que habla de endoblasto, mesoblasto y ectoblasto. Una coherencia que dura por más de 24 siglos en occidente y pasa también las barreras culturales (oriente y occidente) y paradigmáticas (biomedicina y homeopatía), no puede ser casual.To learn to identify in an integral, mixed and dynamic way the subject’s constitution means, on one hand, to help him to a self-knowledgement of his reactive way (for this, we speak of constitutional reactivity and no more of biotipe or trait), to develop himself (to mature or to destroy), to join and accept the others like they are; on the other way, it serve to personalize diagnosis, therapy and prognosis. The constitution history and a synoptic interdisciplinary diagram (Greek philosophy, theology, hippocratic, galenic, homeopatic, chinese, ayurvedic and holistic medicines, biology, embriology, biochemistry, physiopathology, neurology, endocrinology, psychology and spirituality) shows a precise link and a common denominator according to an embriologic constitutional theory, that speaks about endoblast, mesoblast and ectoblast. A coherence thas lasts for more than 24 centuries in occident and goes through even the cultural borders (eastern and western world) and paradigmatic logics (biomedicine and homeopaty) cannot be casual.Aprender a identificar de maneira integral, mista e dinâmica a constituição de um sujeito significa, por um lado, ajudá-lo a se autoconhecer na sua maneira de reagir (por isso se fala de reatividade constitucional e não mais de biotipos ou traços), de desenvolver-se (amadurecer ou destruir-se), de relacionar-se e aceitar os demais taisl como são; por outro lado, serve para personalizar diagnóstico, terapia e prognóstico. A história do constitucionalismo e um esquema sinóptico interdisciplinar (filosofia grega, teologia, medicina hipocrática, galênica, homeopática, chinesa, ayurvédica e holística, biologia, embriologia, bioquímica, fisiopatologia, neurologia, endocrinologia, psicologia e espiritualidade) mostra uma precisa correspondência e um denominador comum sobre a base da teoria constitucional embriológica que fala de endoblasto, mesoblasto e ectoblasto. Uma coerência que dura por mais de 24 séculos no ocidente e ultrapassa também as barreiras culturais (oriente e ocidente) e paradigmáticas (biomedicina e homeopatia), não pode ser casual

Hydroecological investigations on the hyporheic zone to support river management from reaches to catchments

The hyporheic zone (HZ) is an area of interaction between surface and ground waters in riverbeds. It is characterized by a diverse fauna and by a bidirectional flow (hyporheic exchange flow - HEF). HZ plays a signifi cant role in river ecosystems as location of major physical, biogeochemical and ecological processes. Yet, predicting HEF in rivers and assessing its ecological effects is challenging due to physical and biological process- interactions in time and space. This thesis investigates HEF from a hierarchical scaling perspective and it has two components: (i) physical, and (ii) biological. The fi rst component includes discriminating and integrating the drivers of HEF across spatial scales and developing a multiscale statistical method for river restoration planning. The second component consists of testing the interaction between physical and biological processes on in-channel large wood (LW), by quantifying, in the field, the effects on hyporheic and benthic invertebrates assemblages taxonomic structure and functional traits. The multiscale approach shows that suitable areas for HEF-focused restoration embed a summary of environmental information across the domains of hydrology, geomorphology, and ecology. Field results about invertebrates' taxonomic and functional metrics, demonstrate that the increased spatial and temporal variability of abiotic conditions at LW sites drives changes in abundance, biomass, diversity and functional traits of hyporheic meiofaunal assemblages. In contrast, benthic macrofaunal assemblages were less wood-impacted. To support restoration targeting the HZ, this research emphasizes the need to (i) recognize different spatial scales of HEF to identify the underlying processes; (ii) coordinate approaches to pool hyporheic data and create long-term datasets to quantitatively assess model predictions; and (iii) establish further knowledge on how LW effects HZ in different valleys and river types

Private Actions under the Suitability and Supervision Duties of Exchange and Dealer Association Rules: The Fraud Requirement

A number of courts have implied private causes of action against securities broker-dealers for their breach of the supervision and suitability duties imposed by the self-regulatory rules of the New York Stock Exchange and the National Association of Securities Dealers. The prevailing view denies recovery in the absence of conduct tantamount to fraud. In examining the development of the fraud requirement, the author distinguishes Rule 10b-5 actions and contends that such a strict curtailment of actions brought under self-regulatory rules is not compelled by clear judicial precedent or by legislative purpose

The Influence of Forward Flight on Propeller Noise

The effect of flight on blade surface pressures and propeller noise was reported. There were significant differences in blade surface pressures and far-field noise between static and flight conditions. The static data showed many high-intensity, tone-like peaks whereas the flight data was generally free from tones. The turbulence ingested by the propeller operating statically was dominated by long, thin eddies. In flight the scale of the turbulence was greately reduced from that observed statically