Teisinių papročių taikymas Lietuvoje 1918–1940 m.

This article determines, based on legal norms, case law, and the scientific doctrine, the significance of legal customs in Lithuania in 1918–1940: it describes the legal customs in the status quo res erant ante bellum, i.e., in relation to which social groups and to what extent were the customs applied in Lithuania under the law of the Russian Empire. The significance of the constitutional provision on the reception of pre-war law for legal customs is revealed. The paper also describes the policy of the legislator with regard to legal customs, the limits of the application of customs by law, and the tendencies of legislation in this regard.Straipsnyje remiantis teisės normomis, teismų praktika ir mokslo doktrina nustatomas teisinių papročių reikšmingumas Lietuvoje 1918–1940 metais: apibūdinami teisiniai papročiai in status quo res erant ante bellum, t. y. nurodoma, kurioms socialinėms grupėms ir kokia apimtimi buvo taikyti papročiai Lietuvoje pagal Rusijos imperijos teisę; atskleidžiama konstitucinės nuostatos dėl prieš karą galiojusios teisės recepcijos reikšmė teisiniams papročiams; apibūdinama įstatymų leidėjo politika dėl teisinių papročių, įstatymų nustatytos papročių taikymo ribos ir įstatymų leidybos šiuo klausimu tendencijos

Kintamoji ir nekintamoji 1791 m. gegužės 3 d. Konstitucijos dalys

The purpose of this study is to determine the permissibility, necessity and perspective of the amendment of the Constitution of 3 May 1791 after the hypothetical expiry of the first 25 years of its validity, in 1816. The author seeks to identify the alterable part of the Constitution, i.e. those constituent acts and those provisions which have been authorized for amendment after 25 years; to establish the provisions of the Constitution to be amended, i.e. to draw a conclusion from the analysis of the text of the Constitution itself regarding the “problematic” provisions, the correction of which arises from the constitutional regulation itself, the spirit of the Constitution itself, its internal logic.Šio tyrimo tikslas yra nustatyti 1791 m. gegužės 3 d. Konstitucijos taisymo leistinumą, poreikį ir perspektyvą hipotetiškai suėjus pirmajam 25 metų jos galiojimo terminui, t. y. 1816 metais. Autorius siekia identifikuoti kintamąją Konstitucijos dalį, t. y. tuos ją sudarančius aktus ir tas jų nuostatas, kurias buvo leista keisti po 25 metų; nustatyti taisytinas Konstitucijos nuostatas, t. y. iš paties Konstitucijos teksto analizės padaryti išvadą dėl „probleminių“ nuostatų, kurias taisyti reikėtų atsižvelgiant į konstitucinį reglamentavimą, pačią Konstitucijos dvasią, jos vidaus logiką

Vyriausiojo Lietuvos tribunolo praktika taikant vietinius papročius valstiečių paveldėjimo bylose

This article examines the cassational practice of the Supreme Tribunal of the Republic of Lithuania in peasant inheritance cases which were adjudicated in the 1920s and 1930s. The authors aim to describe the case law on the application of local customs as well as to determine whether the Supreme Tribunal of the Republic of Lithuania sought to expand, or, instead, to taper the scope of application of local customs in peasant inheritance disputes. The article paramountly utilizes the jurisprudence of the Supreme Tribunal of the Republic of Lithuania and the legal acts of the restored State of Lithuania, as well as the pre-war legal acts.Šiame straipsnyje nagrinėjami XX a. trečiojo ir ketvirtojo dešimtmečių Vyriausiojo Lietuvos tribunolo kasaciniai sprendimai valstiečių paveldėjimo bylose. Autoriai siekia apibūdinti vietinių papročių taikymo teismų praktiką; nustatyti, Vyriausiasis Lietuvos tribunolas siekė išplėsti ar susiaurinti vietos papročių taikymo sritį. Naudojami Rusijos imperijos ir atkurtos Lietuvos valstybės teisės aktai, Vyriausiojo Lietuvos tribunolo kasaciniai sprendimai, mokslininkų darbai

Valstybės politinis režimas pagal 1918–1919 m. Lietuvos konstitucinius aktus

The article deals with identifying provisions of the 1918–1919 Lithuanian Constitutional Acts, which entrench the democratic political regime of the state. It discloses and assesses their dynamics, describes the nation’s sovereignty, elements of direct and representative democracy, and parliamentarism.Straipsnyje identifikuojamos demokratinį valstybės politinį režimą įtvirtinančios 1918 m. ir 1919 m. Lietuvos konstitucinės nuostatos, atskleidžiama ir įvertinama jų dinamiką, apibūdinami tautos suverenitetas, tiesioginės ir atstovaujamosios demokratijos elementai, parlamentarizmas

MODERNIEJI VALSTYBĖS KONSTITUCINIAI PAMATAI BENDRAVALSTYBINĖSE LDK PRIVILEGIJOSE

The results of the analysis of the regional privileges of the Grand Dutchy of Lithuania (hereinafter referred to as GDL), carried out within the scope the research on the history of Lithuanian constitutionality, are presented in the article. Provisions, which are the basis of construction and functioning of the modern state power – the nation‘s sovereignty, separation of powers, rule of law, parliamentarianism, etc., are identified in the regional privileges of GDL. It is inferred, that from the legal point of view all the regional privileges in GDL issued in 1387–1568 were the sources of constitutional law (constitutional legal acts) in the modern sense of the term. The legal connection between the regional privileges and actual Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania is revealed.Straipsnyje pristatomi bendravalstybinių LDK privilegijų analizės, atliktos vykdant Lietuvos konstitucingumo istorijos tyrimą1, rezultatai. Autorius siekia atskleisti tas privilegijų nuostatas, kuriomis remiantis konstruojama ir veikia moderniosios valstybės valdžia – tautos suverenitetas, valdžių padalijimas, įstatymo viršenybė, parlamentarizmas ir kt

BENDRAVALSTYBINĖS LDK PRIVILEGIJOS KAIP LIETUVOS KONSTITUCINIAI AKTAI

Using legal instruments authors of the article aim to determine whether the regional privileges of the Grand Dutchy of Lithuania (hereinafter referred to as GDL) of 1387-1568 can be refereed to normative legal act or normative legal contract – one of the recognized source of law. There should be also revealed the special procedure of lawmaking and external result expression, which let to ascribe the privileges to the constitutional law (not ordinary law) sources. Finally, the formal legal connection between the privileges and later constitutional acts of GDL – three Lithuanian Statutes and integrated Constitution of 1791, is revealed.Firstly, the preconditions and necessity to emerge, resources for issue of the regional privileges of GDL are explored While analyzing the situation of state formation of those days, the authors conclude that there were preconditions for emergence of regional norms as well as the external form for norms – normative legal act, at the end of XIV century. The regional normative legal acts of GDL naturally originated as privileges – the type of normative legal act that is typical to medieval European law.In the second part of the article the process of issuing, recording and systematization of the regional privileges of GDL are analyzed and they are characterized as the result of lawmaking.The part of lawmaking raised to the level of regional privileges regulated four types of public relations, which fell within the public law sphere and most of it – within the constitutional sphere (in the light of modern jurisprudence). The specific of process of issuing, recording and systematization (which was a rare phenomena in GDL) of the regional privileges of GDL distinguished them as having higher legal power comparing to other normative legal acts and other sources of law.The scientific explanation for the validity of these privileges is given in the third part of the article. The authors state that the connection between the privileges and three Lithuanian Statutes may be explained in the light of interaction among the Act of February 16, 1918, the Resolution of constituent Seimas of May 15, 1920 and later constitutional acts. It is inferred, that from the formal legal point of view all the regional privileges in GDL issued in 1387–1568 were the sources of constitutional law (constitutional legal acts) in the modern sense of the term.Straipsnyje pristatomi bendravalstybinių LDK privilegijų analizės, atliktos vykdant Lietuvos konstitucingumo istorijos tyrimą1, rezultatai. Siekdami nustatyti, ar LDK bendravalstybinės privilegijos gali būti pagrįstai laikomos konstituciniais aktais, tinkamai interpretuoti jose įtvirtintus teisės principus ir normas, autoriai atskleidžia jų teisinę galią, formos ypatumus, galiojimą erdvėje, asmenims ir kt. Pirmiausia analizuojamos bendravalstybinių LDK privilegijų atsiradimo prielaidos, jų poreikis ir leidybos ištekliai, suskirstant bendravalstybinių normų atsiradimo prielaidas į tam tikros grupes. Vėliau įvertinami LDK privilegijų leidybos, apskaitos ir sisteminimo darbai, jų galiojimas, priėmus Lietuvos Statutus ir sudėtinę 1793 m. Konstituciją. Autoriai daro išvadą, kad formaliu teisiniu požiūriu visos 1387–1568 m. išleistos bendravalstybinės LDK privilegijos buvo konstitucinės teisės šaltiniai (konstituciniai teisės aktai)

THE LEGAL STATUS OF CHURCH PEWS IN CERTAIN CIVIL LAW JURISDICTIONS

Objects of common use in various houses of worship, one of which is a place in a church (church pew), suggest that parishioners have the right to use them, often for quite a long period of time. However, do parishioners have property rights to a place in a church? How can disputes about the inheritance of a place in a church be resolved? In what area of legal regulation does this issue lie? The historical judicial practice of different countries around the world is quite rich in such examples, with the oldest surviving in collections dating back to the 16th century. Moreover, courts have come to quite varied conclusions about the legal status of a place in a church, property rights to it (if any, and whether recognised by law or custom), issues of its inheritance, the right of the church leadership to seize a place in a church from the previous owner and transfer it to other parishioners, and other disputes. It should be noted that in the historical judicial practice of the Republic of Lithuania – namely in judgment of the Supreme Tribunal of the Republic of Lithuania No. 107 (1927) – the issue of the possession and inheritance of a place in a synagogue was also raised. The historical jurisprudence of various countries shows a very rich range of sources of law being applied in such disputes – from customary and proprietary to civil and ecclesiastical law. The authors primarily use the historical-legal method within this article, including the method of interpreting legal norms relating to legal status and proprietary or inheritance rights regarding church pews