Trends in Educational Assortative Mating in Brazil: 1960-2015

Using both census and survey data, this study analyzes educational assortative mating trends over half a century in Brazil. Odds of both overall and group-specific homogamy, as well as odds of crossing educational barriers, are estimated. Results suggest that, after four decades of continuous decline, overall homogamy increased in the first decade of this century. This rebound stems from a shift in the balance between long-standing opposite trends: increasing odds of intermarriage among lower educational levels and more homogamy at the top of the educational distribution. The findings are interpreted in the light of several social, economic and demographic changes that are relevant to union formation. Particularly, I argue that, starting from a population with very low levels of schooling, educational expansion could initially have only a limited effect on marriage markets. As the expansion reached upper secondary and higher education, it has strengthened the link between schooling and partner choice, thus fostering homogamy

Money, Childbearing, Gender: Explaining within-Couple Inequality after Parenthood

Using population register data for the Netherlands, we analyze the child penalty for new parents in three groups of couples: different-sex and lesbian couples with a biological child and different-sex couples with an adopted child. With a longitudinal design, we follow parents’ earnings from 2 years before to 8 years after the arrival of the child and use event study models to estimate the effects of the transition to parenthood on earnings trajectories. Comparing different groups of couples allows to test hypotheses related to three types of difference that are early impossible to disentangle when studying only heterosexual biological parents: relative earnings, childbearing and gender. Our results offer strong support for gender as the main driver of diver-gent child penalties: for mothers, the gender of their partners is more consequential for their earnings trajectories than going through pregnancy or being a secondary earner before parenthood

Money, Birth, Gender: Explaining Unequal Earnings Trajectories following Parenthood

Using population register data from the Netherlands, we analyze the child penalty for new parents in three groups of couples: different-sex and female same-sex couples with a biological child and different-sex couples with an adopted child. With a longitudinal design, we follow parents’ earnings from two years before to eight years after the arrival of the child and use event study models to estimate the effects of the transition to parenthood on earnings trajectories. Comparing different groups of couples allows us to test hypotheses related to three types of within-couple differences that are difficult to disentangle when studying only heterosexual biological parents: relative earnings, childbearing, and gender. Our results offer strong support for gender as the main driver of divergent child penalties. The gender of their partners is more consequential for mothers’ earnings trajectories than is childbearing or the pre-parenthood relative earnings in the couple

Parents' hourly wages in female same-sex and different-sex couples: The role of partner's gender and employers

Objective: This research article investigates the relationship between parenthood and wages, considering the partner's gender and the influence of employers on wage trajectories for birth and non-birth mothers and fathers. Background: It offers a novel examination whether the gender of the partner affects the wage outcomes for birth mothers and explores the differential impact of employers on wages for birth and non-birth mothers, using Dutch register data. Method: Utilizing OLS regression, Heckman selection, and fixed-effects models, this study focuses on all Dutch couples who had their first child between 2008 and 2014 in the Netherlands, from two years prior to the birth until two years after birth. Results: Consistent with human capital theory, the findings reveal a consistent and unfavourable wage development for birth mothers, regardless of whether they are in same-sex couples or different-sex couples. The wage development for non-birth mothers in female same-sex couples resembles that of fathers, showing a more positive trajectory compared to birth mothers. Furthermore, the analysis indicates that employers do not differentiate in their treatment of birth and non-birth mothers, suggesting that biological constraints associated with motherhood impact wages of birth mothers, while both their male and female partners’ wages do not decline. Conclusion: The study contributes to the existing literature in family sociology, highlighting the need for policies and interventions that address the specific challenges faced by birth mothers in the labor market. - Appendix: https://ubp.uni-bamberg.de/jfr/index.php/jfr/article/view/960/765Fragestellung: Diese Studie untersucht den Zusammenhang zwischen Elternschaft und Gehalt, wobei sowohl die Rolle des Geschlechts des Partners als auch der Einfluss des Arbeitgebers auf die Lohnentwicklung von leiblichen - und nichtleiblichen Müttern und Vätern berücksichtigt wird. Hintergrund: Die Studie bietet eine neuartige Untersuchung der Frage, ob das Geschlecht des Partners Löhne leiblicher Mütter beeinflusst, wozu niederländische Registerdaten verwendet werden. Methode: OLS-Regression, Heckman-Korrektur und Fixed-Effects Modelle werden angewandt, um alle niederländischen Paare zu untersuchen, deren erstes Kind zwischen 2008 und 2014 in den Niederlanden geboren wurde. In diesem Zusammenhang wird eine Periode von zwei Jahren vor der Geburt bis zwei Jahren nach der Geburt untersucht. Ergebnisse: In Übereinstimmung mit der Humankapitaltheorie zeigen die Ergebnisse eine konsistente und ungünstige Lohnentwicklung für Mütter, unabhängig davon, ob sie in gleichgeschlechtlichen oder andersgeschlechtlichen Paaren leben. Die Lohnentwicklung von nicht leiblichen Müttern in weiblich-gleichgeschlechtlichen Paaren ähnelt der von Vätern, die im Vergleich zu leiblichen Müttern eine positivere Entwicklung aufweisen. Außerdem zeigt die Analyse, dass Arbeitgeber nicht zwischen leiblichen- und nichtleiblichen Müttern unterscheiden, was darauf hindeutet, dass sich die biologischen Auswirkungen, die mit der Mutterschaft verbunden sind, auf die Löhne der leiblichen Mütter auswirken, während die Löhne ihrer männlichen und weiblichen Partner nicht sinken. Schlussfolgerung: Die Studie leistet einen Beitrag zur bestehenden Literatur in der Familiensoziologie, indem sie den Bedarf an politischen Maßnahmen und Interventionen hervorhebt, die sich mit den spezifischen Herausforderungen befassen, mit denen leibliche Mütter auf dem Arbeitsmarkt konfrontiert sind

Doing Genders: Partner’s Gender and Labor Market Behavior

Partnered men and women show consistently gendered patterns of labor market behavior. We test whether not only a person’s own gender, but also their partner’s gender shapes hours worked. We use Dutch administrative population data on almost 5,000 persons who had both male and female partners, whose hours worked we observe monthly over 15 years. We argue that this provides a unique setting to assess the relevance of partner’s gender for labor market behavior. Using two-way fixed effects and fixed-effects individual slopes models, we find that both men and women tend to work more hours when partnered with a female partner compared to a male partner. These results align with our hypothesis that a partner’s gender influences labor market behavior. For women, we conclude that this finding may be (partly) explained by marital and motherhood status. Additionally, we discovered that women decrease their hours worked to a lesser extent when caring for a child if they have a female partner. Finally, we found that for men, the positive association between own and partner’s hours worked is weaker when one has a female partner, indicating a higher degree of specialization within these couples

Stratification in Brazilian higher education

This chapter examines the stratification of access to higher education in Brazil between 2001 and 2015, a period of marked expansion of the higher education system. It draws on random samples of the Brazilian population to show the increase in the number of enrollments, as well as in the number of students eligible to make the transition to higher education. Coefficients from logistic regression models show the persistent effects of family background on the probability of achieving a college education, but also show decreasing disadvantages for African-Brazilian students. It discusses how shifts in the racial composition of the population vis-à-vis policies to mitigate inequalities of access can account for the increasing probability of African-Brazilian students attending college

Money, Birth, Gender: Explaining Unequal Earnings Trajectories following Parenthood

Using population register data from the Netherlands, we analyze the child penalty for new parents in three groups of couples: different-sex and female same-sex couples with a biological child and different-sex couples with an adopted child. With a longitudinal design, we follow parents' earnings from two years before to eight years after the arrival of the child and use event study models to estimate the effects of the transition to parenthood on earnings trajectories. Comparing different groups of couples allows us to test hypotheses related to three types of within-couple differences that are difficult to disentangle when studying only heterosexual biological parents: relative earnings, childbearing, and gender. Our results offer strong support for gender as the main driver of divergent child penalties. The gender of their partners is more consequential for mothers' earnings trajectories than is childbearing or the pre-parenthood relative earnings in the couple

Rendimento do Trabalho das Esposas e Tendências da Desigualdade de Renda no Brasil (1992-2014)

RESUMO Nas últimas décadas, as mulheres que viviam em união conjugal foram as principais responsáveis pelo aumento da participação feminina no mercado de trabalho no Brasil. Isso se traduziu na crescente contribuição dos rendimentos do trabalho das esposas para a renda das famílias. Neste artigo, argumentamos que essas tendências ajudaram a diminuir a desigualdade de renda entre as famílias desde a década de 1990. Usando dados das PNADs, decompomos a desigualdade da renda domiciliar per capita, medida pelo coeficiente de variação ao quadrado, segundo: a) fontes da renda domiciliar (rendimentos do trabalho do marido, rendimentos do trabalho da esposa e outras rendas); e b) tipos de família (chefiadas por casais ou não). A partir dessas decomposições desenvolvemos análises contrafactuais para verificar o impacto dos rendimentos do trabalho das esposas nas tendências da desigualdade de renda no Brasil entre 1992 e 2014. Apesar do aumento da associação entre os rendimentos dos cônjuges, o efeito líquido das mudanças nos rendimentos das esposas durante o período analisado foi equalizador

Trends in Educational Assortative Mating in Brazil: 1960-2015

Using both census and survey data, this study analyzes educational assortative mating trends over half a century in Brazil. Odds of both overall and group-specific homogamy, as well as odds of crossing educational barriers, are estimated. Results suggest that, after four decades of continuous decline, overall homogamy increased in the first decade of this century. This rebound stems from a shift in the balance between long-standing opposite trends: increasing odds of intermarriage among lower educational levels and more homogamy at the top of the educational distribution. The findings are interpreted in the light of several social, economic and demographic changes that are relevant to union formation. Particularly, I argue that, starting from a population with very low levels of schooling, educational expansion could initially have only a limited effect on marriage markets. As the expansion reached upper secondary and higher education, it has strengthened the link between schooling and partner choice, thus fostering homogamy