A Developers Bill of Rights: What Open Source Developers Want in a Software License

In this paper, we study open source developers' perspectives on the nature and structure of software licenses as well as the processes through which these licenses are designed. Recent history has shown that software licensing approaches are critical to the dynamics of the software industry and the open source ecosystem, and thus of interest to the many policy makers and practitioners that follow this part of the global economy. The study is timely, since it informs the debate on the revision of the GPL license, one of the most popular licenses in use. This revision has the potential to shape the software industry for many years to come; hence it is important that the governance process for this revision reflect the needs of the broader software community. Our study employed structured interviews to capture data on open source developers' opinions about software licenses. We focused on how license choices impact the relationship that exists between open source and proprietary software. Our findings reveal that developers are primarily interested in flexibility and choice when considering a licensing approach. Most developers we interviewed used open source licenses to tap into the open source development approach. They chose this option for flexibility in developing a great product, without necessarily espousing any particular philosophy about how the software should be distributed. Developers also generally valued flexibility in the choice of business model for distributing software. The actions of the Free Software Foundation, which is revising the GPL, appear not to reflect the opinions of the broader community, but the agenda of a small minority that may represent as little as 10% of the open source developer community. Sharing data on the needs and perceived rights of developers, both open source and proprietary, will help the software community, industry experts and policymakers to champion a more flexible and responsive approach to sharing and developing software. Policy makers should work to preserve what has made the software ecosystem successful: innovation, community input and involvement, and developer freedom of choice.

Numerical solution of compressible viscous flows at high Reynolds numbers

A new numerical method which was used to reduce the computation time required in fluid dynamics to solve the Navier-Stokes equations at flight Reynolds numbers is described. The method is the implicit analogue of the explicit finite different method. It uses this as its first stage, while the second stage removes the restrictive stability condition by recasting the difference equations in an implicit form. The resulting matrix equations to be solved are either upper or lower block bidiagonal equations. The new method makes it possible and practical to calculate many important three dimensional, high Reynolds number flow fields on computers

Let\u27s Get Personal: Exploring the Professional Persona in Health Care

This paper describes how a group of counselors and counseling lecturers at a rural university in New South Wales, Australia, initiated an exploration of their personal experiences as health care providers using an innovative research approach in which they engaged in a series of open, tape-recorded conversations with one another about their work. Their method also included transcribing and analyzing their narratives in a search for underlying themes in the thoughts and feelings that they shared. The intent behind their project was to find a way to voice how health care providers are affected by their work, and in so doing to make public the kinds of concerns, disappointments, fears, and difficulties they encounter -- feelings that are seldom mentioned in the literature. The group was also hoping that their approach might invite other health care providers to engage in similar dialogues about how they, too, are personally affected by the work they do

Komplikationer vid artrodes på smådjur och ex vivo test av ett innovativt benlim för artrodeser

En artrodes är ett operativt ingrepp som avser att genom immobilisering av en led öka den totala rörelsefunktionen i en extremitet. Efter en artrodes åstadkoms en benfusion i leden. Det är känt sedan tidigare att komplikationsrisken för artrodeser hos hund och katt är relativt hög, varför mer kunskap om dem och deras utfall är fördelaktigt för att kunna fatta evidensbaserade beslut som gagnar djur och djurägare. I detta arbete genomfördes en retrospektiv journalstudie, utförd på smådjurskliniken vid SLU Universitetsdjursjukhuset, Uppsala. Debiteringskoder för partiell artrodes karpus, partiell artrodes tarsus, panartrodes karpus och panartrodes tarsus användes för att identifiera journaler från år 2014 till och med år 2020. I en hundkadavermodell testades ett innovativt benlim och mekaniska egenskaper mellan limmade benstrukturer undersöktes. Benlimmet är ett biomaterial baserat på aminosyran fosfoserin som har uppvisat fördelaktiga egenskaper för eventuell framtida användning inom ortopedi. 39 patientjournaler med individer som genomgått artrodes identifierades, varav 31 hundar, sju katter och en kanin. Komplikationer som uppstod delades in i tre kategorier: katastrofala, allvarliga och milda. Allvarliga komplikationer delades ytterligare upp i typ ett (kirurgisk behandling) och typ två komplikationer (medicinsk behandling). Även komplikationen infektion beskrevs, men ingick i allvarliga typ två komplikationer. Katastrofala komplikationer, till exempel kraftiga hältor som ledde till avlivning, drabbade en hund och tre katter, allvarliga komplikationer, till exempel antibiotikakrävande infektioner eller problem som krävde ytterligare operationer, drabbade 24 hundar och två katter, milda komplikationer, till exempel skavsår eller lindriga hältor, drabbade sju hundar och två katter. Infektion drabbade 21 hundar och fyra katter. Några av komplikationerna krävde ytterligare kirurgiska åtgärder. Hos hundarna genomfördes 28 re-operationer på 17 individer, medan det hos katterna genomfördes tre re-operationer på två individer. Den presenterade informationen skulle kunna ge ett underlag för beslut om behandlingar och fortsatt forskning. Av 39 patientjournaler med artrodesfall involverade 67 % allvarliga komplikationer och 49 % genomgick minst en re-operation. Utvärdering av mekaniska egenskaper för benlimmet visade att limmets egenskaper i en kadavermodell liknar de egenskaper som tidigare påvisats i laboratoriestudier. Limmet var starkare när mängdandelen fosfoserin i relation till kalciumsilikat var 30 %, och svagare när den var 15 %. Benlimmet kan möjligen vara till nytta vid artrodes, för att ge ytterligare stabilitet i samband med traditionell fixering (osteosyntes). Fler studier om limmets egenskaper behövs. Nyckelord: artrodes, benlim, hund, infektion, journalstudie, karpus, katt, komplikationer, ortopedi, steloperation, tarsusAn arthrodesis is a surgical procedure that aims to increase the overall function of an extremity through immobilization of a joint. After an arthrodesis a bone fusion is achieved in the joint. It is well known that the risk of complications for arthrodesis is relatively high, which is why more knowledge about them and their outcome is beneficial when making evidence-based decisions. A more well-informed decision benefits both animals and animal owners. In this work, a retrospective study of patient records was performed at the University Animal Hospital (UDS), small animal section. Billing codes for partial arthrodesis carpus, partial arthrodesis tarsus, panarthrodesis carpus and panarthrodesis tarsus were used to identify records from 2014 to 2020. In a cadaver model, an innovative bone glue was tested and mechanical properties between glued bone structures were evaluated. The glue is a biomaterial based on the amino acid phosphoserine and has shown attributes which could benefit possible future use within orthopaedics. The study identified 39 patient records that involved arthrodesis, of which 31 were dogs, seven cats and one rabbit. Complications that arose were divided into three categories: catastrophic, severe, and mild. Severe complications were further divided into type one (surgical treatment) and type two complications (medical treatment). The complication infection was also described. Catastrophic complications, for example serious lameness followed by euthanasia, affected one dog and three cats, major complications, for example infections treated with antibiotics or other problems requiring surgical treatment, affected 24 dogs and two cats, mild complications, for example chafing or mild lameness, affected seven dogs and two cats. Infection affected 21 dogs and four cats. Some of the complications required additional surgical procedures. In dogs, 28 re-operations were performed on 17 individuals, while in cats, three re-operations were performed on two individuals. Knowledge about complications surrounding arthrodesis can provide a basis for decisions about treatments and future studies. Out of 39 patient records, 67% of the arthrodesis cases involved major complications and 49% needed at least one re-operation. Evaluation of mechanical properties of the bone glue showed that the glue behaved in cadaver joints very similarly to previous laboratory studies. The glue was stronger when the mole proportion of amino acid was 30%, and weaker when the proportion was 15%, in relation to the amount of calcium silicate. The bone glue may possibly be useful in arthrodesis, to provide additional stability as a complement to traditional fixation (osteosynthesis). More studies on the properties of the adhesive are needed. Keywords: arthrodesis, bone glue, carpus, cat, complications, dog, infection, journal study, joint fusion, orthopedics, tarsu