18 research outputs found

    Communautés végétales et faciÚs pastoraux dans la zone de Taourirt-Tafoughalt du Maroc oriental: écologie et inventaire floristique.

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    L’étude a Ă©tĂ© entreprise durant l’annĂ©e 2009 dans la zone «Taourirt-Tafoughalt» situeĂ© Ă  l’Ouest du Maroc oriental. Elle tente d’inventorier la vĂ©gĂ©tation naturelle et de la caractĂ©riser en terme Ă©cologique tout en mettant en relief l’importance des conditions du milieu. La mĂ©thode utilisĂ©e consiste Ă  dĂ©terminer la composition floristique des espĂšces et Ă  dĂ©finir l’état Ă©cologique de la vĂ©gĂ©tation moyennant des relevĂ©s phyto-Ă©cologiques. Les analyses statistiques ont Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ©es Ă  l’aide de l’Analyse Factorielle des Correspondances (AFC). Les principaux rĂ©sultats montrent l’existence de cinq principales formations vĂ©gĂ©tales: (i) forĂȘts, matorrals et steppes arborĂ©es, (ii) steppe Ă  Stipa tenacissima, (iii) steppes dĂ©gradĂ©es mixtes, (iv) steppes dĂ©gradĂ©es Ă  base d’Anabasis aphylla, Peganum harmala, Artemisia herba-alba, Asphodelus microcarpus et Thymelaea microphylla, et (v) steppes trĂšs localisĂ©es Ă  psammophytes (Lygeum spartum et Thymelaea microphylla) et Ă  gypso-halophytes (Salsola vermiculata et Atriplex halimus). Par ailleurs, la composition botanique dominante tĂ©moigne, en gĂ©nĂ©ral, d’une tendance vers une rĂ©gression qualitative importante du couvert vĂ©gĂ©tal. La plupart des formations sont constituĂ©es d’espĂšces indicatrices de dĂ©gradation avancĂ©e: Noaea mucronata, Asphodelus microcarpus, Thymelaea microphylla, Launaea acanthoclada, Anabasis aphylla, Peganum harmala, Urginea maritima, Lygeum spartum. La couverture vĂ©gĂ©tale, en dehors des forĂȘts et des steppes alfatiĂšres, est trĂšs faible (<15%). La pluviositĂ©, la lithologie (charge caillouteuse), la gĂ©omorphologie (gĂ©ologie, pente, topographie, exposition), le type de sols et l’influence anthropique, restent les principales variables qui dĂ©terminent la rĂ©partition des groupements vĂ©gĂ©taux. La texture du sol conditionne particuliĂšrement les groupements de situations extrĂȘmes, tels que les psammophytes et gypso-halophytes. L’examen phyto-sociologique n’a concernĂ© que les formations dominĂ©es par Stipa tenacissima. Cet examen montre des affinitĂ©s entre faciĂšs pastoraux et formations, exprimĂ©es par l’existence d’espĂšces communes

    Effet des prétraitements et de la saison sur la germination des caryopses de Stipa tenacissima L. dans la région orientale du Maroc

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    The Moroccan steppe rangelands based on Stipa tenacissima L. continue todeteriorate over time and natural regeneration by seed is very rarely observed. Thepurpose of this study is to assess the germination capacity of Stipa tenacissimaseeds under two regimes of temperature 10/25°C (winter) and 30/40° C (Spring).Thus, various physical pre-treatments were tested (soaking caryopsis in normal water and cold stratification). The results showed that the highest germination rate (70%) was observed after soaking in normal water for 24 hours where the temperature varied between 10 and 20°C. However, the lowest germination rate was recorded with seeds soaked at 5°C which was harmful for the germination rate of the Stipa tenacissima seeds. Likewise, germination latency times were significantly shorter following soaking in normal water. This study is very useful and open up potential prospects for controlling multiplication in the nursery and, beyond that, would contribute to preserve this indigenous species and to the rehabilitation of degraded rangelands.Au Maroc, les pĂąturages steppiques Ă  base de Stipa tenacissima L. ne cessent de se dĂ©grader au fil du temps et la rĂ©gĂ©nĂ©ration naturelle par voie sexuĂ©e est trĂšsrarement observĂ©e sur le terrain. Cette Ă©tude a eu pour objectif d'Ă©valuer la capacité germinative des caryopses de Stipa tenacissima sous deux rĂ©gimes de tempĂ©rature 10/25 ° C (hiver) et 30/40 °C (Printemps). Pour ce faire, diffĂ©rents prĂ©traitements ont étĂ© testĂ©s Ă  savoir le trempage des caryopses dans de l'eau courante et la stratification froide. Les rĂ©sultats ont montrĂ© que le taux de germination le plus Ă©levé (70%) a Ă©tĂ© observĂ© en hiver suite au trempage dans l'eau courante pendant 24 heures sous rĂ©gime de tempĂ©rature 10/25 °C. Alors que le traitement au froid (5°C) a enregistrĂ© des taux de germination plus faibles et s’est montrĂ© nĂ©faste pour la germination des caryopses. De mĂȘme, les temps de latence de germination ont Ă©tĂ©, significativement, plus courts suite au trempage dans l'eau courante. Ces rĂ©sultats sont d'une grande utilitĂ© pour la prĂ©servation de cette espĂšce autochtone et Ă  la rĂ©habilitation des pĂąturages dĂ©gradĂ©s

    Salsola vermiculata espÚce prometteuse pour la réhabilitation des pùturages présahariens du Maroc

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    Salsola vermiculata L. Syn. Caroxylon villosum (Delile) Akhani & Roalson (Chenopodiaceae) is a perennial small woody species widely distributed in arid zones of Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. It is one of the promising pastoral species for the rehabilitation of arid rangelands in Mororcco. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of temperature and duration of seed storage on the germination of Salsola vermiculata, to determine the optimal transplant age of Salsola vermiculata seedlings and to compare the production of two varieties of Salsola vermiculata (villosa and brevifolia). The germination tests were carried out in a germination incubator at the laboratory of the Errachidia experimental station. 12 temperature regimes and three durations of seed storage were tested. For transplantation, comparisons were made between villosa variety seedlings of 1.5 months, 4 months and 8 months. In addition, the production the 8-month-old seedlings of the two varieties of Salsola vermiculata (var. villosa and var. brevifolia) were compared. The percentage of germination and the germination rate were very high for several temperature regimes, except for the high temperatures. In addition, it decreased very significantly with the storage duration of the seeds. Regarding the age of seedling transplants, the eight-month-old seedlings were the best in terms of production and growth rate. In addition, the villosa variety produced very significantly more phytomass than the local variety brevifolia.Salsola vermiculata L. (Chenopodiaceae) est une ligneuse basse largement rĂ©pandue dans les zones arides du Moyen-Orient et de l’Afrique du Nord (MENA). C'est l'une des espĂšces pastorales prometteuses pour la rĂ©habilitation des pĂąturages arides du Maroc. Les objectifs de cette Ă©tude sont de dĂ©terminer les effets de la tempĂ©rature et de la durĂ©e de stockage des graines sur la germination de Salsola vermiculata, de dĂ©terminer l’ñge optimal de transplantation des plantules de Salsola vermiculata et de comparer la production de deux variĂ©tĂ©s de cette espĂšce (variĂ©tĂ©s villosa et brevifolia). Les essais de germination sont menĂ©s dans une enceinte de germination au laboratoire de la station expĂ©rimentale d'Errachidia. Douze rĂ©gimes de tempĂ©rature et trois durĂ©es du stockage de graines sont testĂ©s. Pour la transplantation, des comparaisons sont effectuĂ©es entre des plants de 1.5 mois, 4 mois et 8 mois de la variĂ©tĂ© villosa. En outre, la comparaison de la production des plantules de 8 mois des deux variĂ©tĂ©s de Salsola vermiculata (villosa et brevifolia) sont effectuĂ©es. Les rĂ©sultats montrent que le pourcentage de germination et la vitesse de germination sont trĂšs Ă©levĂ©s pour plusieurs rĂ©gimes de tempĂ©rature, sauf pour les hautes tempĂ©ratures. En outre, ils diminuent trĂšs significativement avec la durĂ©e de stockage des graines. Concernant, l’ñge de transplantation, les plantules de 8 mois se comportent mieux des points de vue reprise, production et croissance. En outre, la variĂ©tĂ© villosa a produit trĂšs significativement plus de phytomasse que la variĂ©tĂ© locale brevifolia

    La fertilisation améliore la production des prairies humides naturelles dans la montagne du haut Atlas oriental du Maroc : cas de la région d'Imilchil

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    The oriental High Atlas mountains in southeast of Morocco are characterized by small natural wet grasslands called “Almous”, they are suitably well managed by the local population. They are destined to feed cattle and mullets. This trial was implemented in order to assess the effects of nitrogen fertilization on the phytomass production on the Tissila meadow (6.5 Ha) in Imilchil region. The experimental design consisted in dividing the meadow into 3 parcels. One parcel is leaved as control and the other two parcels have received two doses of nitrogen during three periods in the year (D1 =67 kg N/ha (split in three applications October, April and May) plus 46 Kg P2O5/ha (split in two applications April and May); D2 (with applications as D1=134kg N/ha more 46 Kg P2O5/ha; D3 = control). The phytomass production has doubled in Tissila region due to the effect of fertilization basically for dose (D2). The assessment of flora revealed a great specific richness (79 species) and some endemism.Les montagnes orientales du Haut Atlas au sud-est du Maroc sont caractĂ©risĂ©es par de petites prairies humides naturelles applĂ©es "Almous" elles sont convenablement bien gĂ©rĂ©es par la population locale. Ellesont destinĂ©es Ă  nourrir les bovins et mulets. Un essai a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ© pour Ă©valuer les effets de la fertilisation azotĂ©e sur la production de la prairie de Tissila, (6,5 Ha) dans la rĂ©gion d'Imilchil. Le plan expĂ©riemental consistait Ă  diviser la praiire en 3 parcelles. Une parcelle est laissĂ©e comme tĂ©moin et les deux autres parcelles ont reçu deux doses d'azote pendant trois pĂ©riodes de l'annĂ©e (D1 = 67 kg N / ha (rĂ©parti en trois applications en octobre, avril et mai) plus 46 kg de P2O5 / ha  en deux applications (en avril et mai); D2 (avec les mĂȘmes applications en D1) = 134 kg N / ha plus 46 kg P2O5 / ha; D3 = contrĂŽle). La production de phytomasse a doublĂ© dans la rĂ©gion de Tissila en raison de l'effet de la fertilisation surtout pour la D1. L'Ă©valuation de la flore a rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© une grande richesse spĂ©cifique (79 espĂšces) et une certaine endĂ©micitĂ© qui mĂ©ritĂ© d'ĂȘtre sauvegardĂ©e

    Survey of Barley and Wheat Diseases in the Central Highlands of Eritrea

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    Annual surveys of barley and wheat diseases were conducted in Eritrea from 2000 to 2002. The surveys covered six zones of the central highlands where barley and wheat are grown. The main diseases of barley were netform net blotch, spot-form net blotch, leaf rust and scald. Other, less important diseases were loose smut, covered smut, barley stripe and septoria leaf blotch. Wheat was mainly affected by yellow rust and leaf rust. Loose smut, septoria leaf spot and tan spot diseases were less prevalent. The average incidence of these diseases varied according to the zone. Among barley diseases, net blotch incidence was high in four of the six zones surveyed. Leaf rust occurred at medium incidence in five zones. Loose smut was more severe in the southern highland plains, while covered smut was more common in the south-eastern highland terraces. For wheat, yellow rust incidence was high in two zones. Areas with a high incidence of yellow rust were not necessarily those with a high incidence of leaf rust. Leaf rust was important in the south-eastern and western highland terraces and in the western highland plains. The number of diseases found in the same field varied from 2 to 5. The south eastern highland terraces, the western highland terraces and the northern highland terraces had the highest proportions of individual barley fields with three or more diseases

    Water productivity improvement of cereals and foods legumes in the Atbara Basin of Eritrea

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    The project ‘Water Productivity Improvement of Cereals and Food Legumes in the Atbara Basin of Eritrea’ is an example of organization and implementation of farmers’ participatory research, conducted utilizing the available indigenous knowledge while empowering farming communities. Farmers have been partners in technology development with extension and research, with full decision-making power in planning, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation. The project produced, in partnership with farmers, new varieties of cereals and food legumes which have proven farmer acceptability; established seed systems which supply farmers with quality seed in a sustainable manner; enhanced farmers’ skills in participatory research and in community based seed production; strengthened the capacity of National Institutions to carry out participatory research and technology transfer, and strengthened linkages between research, seed, and extension departments by working together in cooperation with farmers and farmers’ communities. Working conditions, during the course of the project were not always easy and became challenging towards the end of the project, but to work with farmers and learn from them has been an extremely rewarding experience

    Integrated Ugi-Based Assembly of Functionally, Skeletally, and Stereochemically Diverse 1,4-Benzodiazepin-2-ones

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    A practical, integrated and versatile U-4CR-based assembly of 1,4-benzodiazepin-2-ones exhibiting functionally, skeletally, and stereochemically diverse substitution patterns is described. By virtue of its convergence, atom economy, and bond-forming efficiency, the methodology documented herein exemplifies the reconciliation of structural complexity and experimental simplicity in the context of medicinal chemistry projects.This work was financially supported by the Galician Government (Spain), Projects: 09CSA016234PR and GPC-2014-PG037. J.A. thanks FUNDAYACUCHO (Venezuela) for a predoctoral grant and Deputación da Coruña (Spain) for a postdoctoral research grant. A.N.-V. thanks the Spanish government for a Ramón y Cajal research contract

    Salsola vermiculata espÚce prometteuse pour la réhabilitation des pùturages présahariens du Maroc

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    Salsola vermiculata L. Syn. Caroxylon villosum (Delile) Akhani &amp; Roalson (Chenopodiaceae) is a perennial small woody species widely distributed in arid zones of Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. It is one of the promising pastoral species for the rehabilitation of arid rangelands in Mororcco. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of temperature and duration of seed storage on the germination of Salsola vermiculata, to determine the optimal transplant age of Salsola vermiculata seedlings and to compare the production of two varieties of Salsola vermiculata (villosa and brevifolia). The germination tests were carried out in a germination incubator at the laboratory of the Errachidia experimental station. 12 temperature regimes and three durations of seed storage were tested. For transplantation, comparisons were made between villosa variety seedlings of 1.5 months, 4 months and 8 months. In addition, the production the 8-month-old seedlings of the two varieties of Salsola vermiculata (var. villosa and var. brevifolia) were compared. The percentage of germination and the germination rate were very high for several temperature regimes, except for the high temperatures. In addition, it decreased very significantly with the storage duration of the seeds. Regarding the age of seedling transplants, the eight-month-old seedlings were the best in terms of production and growth rate. In addition, the villosa variety produced very significantly more phytomass than the local variety brevifolia.Salsola vermiculata L. (Chenopodiaceae) est une ligneuse basse largement rĂ©pandue dans les zones arides du Moyen-Orient et de l’Afrique du Nord (MENA). C'est l'une des espĂšces pastorales prometteuses pour la rĂ©habilitation des pĂąturages arides du Maroc. Les objectifs de cette Ă©tude sont de dĂ©terminer les effets de la tempĂ©rature et de la durĂ©e de stockage des graines sur la germination de Salsola vermiculata, de dĂ©terminer l’ñge optimal de transplantation des plantules de Salsola vermiculata et de comparer la production de deux variĂ©tĂ©s de cette espĂšce (variĂ©tĂ©s villosa et brevifolia). Les essais de germination sont menĂ©s dans une enceinte de germination au laboratoire de la station expĂ©rimentale d'Errachidia. Douze rĂ©gimes de tempĂ©rature et trois durĂ©es du stockage de graines sont testĂ©s. Pour la transplantation, des comparaisons sont effectuĂ©es entre des plants de 1.5 mois, 4 mois et 8 mois de la variĂ©tĂ© villosa. En outre, la comparaison de la production des plantules de 8 mois des deux variĂ©tĂ©s de Salsola vermiculata (villosa et brevifolia) sont effectuĂ©es. Les rĂ©sultats montrent que le pourcentage de germination et la vitesse de germination sont trĂšs Ă©levĂ©s pour plusieurs rĂ©gimes de tempĂ©rature, sauf pour les hautes tempĂ©ratures. En outre, ils diminuent trĂšs significativement avec la durĂ©e de stockage des graines. Concernant, l’ñge de transplantation, les plantules de 8 mois se comportent mieux des points de vue reprise, production et croissance. En outre, la variĂ©tĂ© villosa a produit trĂšs significativement plus de phytomasse que la variĂ©tĂ© locale brevifolia
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