Femoral length and biomechanical properties of the femur of control and chronic kidney disease (CKD) rats evaluated by the three-point bending test (A) and the bending test of the femoral neck (B).

<p>Femoral length and biomechanical properties of the femur of control and chronic kidney disease (CKD) rats evaluated by the three-point bending test (A) and the bending test of the femoral neck (B).</p

Representative images of the proximal tibia of controls and CKD rats after 1 and 3 months of CKD indication.

<p>(A) Spongy bone and (B) compact bone in tibia of the CON-1 rat; (C) Spongy bone of CKD-1 rat. Visible an increase in osteoclast surface and an increase in eroded surface of trabecular bone (arrow); (D) The increase in osteoclasts surface (arrows) in compact bone of CKD-1 rat; (E) Spongy bone and (F) compact bone in tibia of CON-3 rat; (G) The significant increase in the osteoclast surface (arrow) and the erosion of trabecular bone in CKD-3 rat; (H) areas of osteoclastic activity in compact bone (arrows) in CKD-3 rat (HE staining, magnification x200, x400).</p

The Association between Elevated Levels of Peripheral Serotonin and Its Metabolite – 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid and Bone Strength and Metabolism in Growing Rats with Mild Experimental Chronic Kidney Disease - Fig 3

<p><b>The changes in 5-HT (panel A), 5-HIAA (panel B) levels, the ratio of 5-HT/TRP (panel C), the ratio of 5-HIAA/5-HT (panel D) and the results of two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc test (panel E) in controls and appropriate chronic kidney disease (CKD) rats.</b> Data are mean ±SD, n = 11 in each group. Abbreviations: CKD = Chronic Kidney Disease, CON = Controls, 5-HT = serotonin, 5-HIAA = 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, TRP = tryptophan; *p<0.05, **p<0.01, *** p<0.001 controls versus appropriate CKD group; #p<0.05 CKD-1 versus CKD-3.</p

Body weight and biochemical parameters in controls and chronic kidney disease (CKD) rats after one and three months of disease progression.

<p>Body weight and biochemical parameters in controls and chronic kidney disease (CKD) rats after one and three months of disease progression.</p

The correlations between serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase form 5b (TRACP 5b) activities and biomechanical parameters of the femur of CKD rats: A–three-point bending test (n = 22), B–bending test of the femoral neck (n = 22).

<p>The correlations between serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase form 5b (TRACP 5b) activities and biomechanical parameters of the femur of CKD rats: A–three-point bending test (n = 22), B–bending test of the femoral neck (n = 22).</p

The histological changes in the kidney tissue 4 weeks after subtotal nephrectomy.

<p>(A) The intact kidney from sham-operated rat; (B-E) the renal stump of subtotal nephrectomized rat 4 weeks after CKD induction; (B) moderate glomerulosclerosis (C), strong tubular atrophy (D), focal interstitial fibrosis (E) focal interstitial lymphocytic infiltration (HE staining, magnification x200, x400).</p