Sinteza 1-acil-2-alkiltio-1,2,4-triazolobenzimidazola s antimikotskim, protuupalnim i analgetskim učinkom

Some new derivatives of 1,2,4-triazolo[2,3-a]benzimidazoles were synthesized through the reaction of 1,2-diaminobenzimidazole with carbon disulfide. The resulting 1,2,4-triazolo[2,3-a]benzimidazole-2-thione intermediate reacted with one equivalent of the appropriate respective alkyl halide to give the corresponding 2-alkylthio derivative 3a-g. The latters were acylated to afford the 1-acyl-2-alkylthio-1,2,4-triazolo[2,3-a]-benzimidazole derivatives 4-10 in good yields. Structures of the new compounds were verified on the basis of spectral and elemental methods of analyses. Fourteen of the prepared compounds were tested for their possible antifungal activities. Most of the tested compounds showed activity against Candida albicans and Fusarium oxysporum comparable to that of fluconazole as a reference drug. Compounds 8a, 9a, and 10d are the most active ones against most of the used fungi. Compounds 3e, 4d, 5d, 6d, 7d, 8c, 8d, 9d, and 10d were tested for their anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects; most of these compounds showed potent and significant results compared to indomethacin. Moreover, ulcerogenicity and the median lethal dose (LD50) of the most active compound 8d were determined in mice; LD50 was found to be 275 mg kg-1 (i.p.).Sintetizirani su novi derivati 1,2,4-triazolo[2,3-a]benzimidazola reakcijom 1,2-diaminobenzimidazola s ugljičnim disulfidom. Nastali 1,2,4-triazolo[2,3-a]benzimidazol-2-tioni reagiraju s jednim ekvivalentom odgovarajućeg alkil halida pri čemu nastaju 2-alkiltio derivati 3a-g. Acilacijom produkata 3 dobiveni su derivati 1-acil-2-alkiltio-1,2,4-triazolo[2,3-a]-benzimidazola 4-10 u dobrim iskorištenjima. Strukture novih spojeva potvrđene su spektroskopskim metodama i elementarnom analizom. Ispitivano je antimikotsko djelovanje 14 priređenih spojeva, uz flukonazol kao poredbenu tvar. Većina testiranih spojeva djeluje na Candida albicans i Fusarium oxysporum slično kao flukonazol. Najaktivniji su bili spojevi 8a, 9a i 10d. Produkti 3e, 4c, 5c, 6c, 7c, 8b, 8c, 9c i 10c ispitani su na protuupalno i analgetsko djelovanje, uz indometacin kao poredbenu tvar. Većina spojeva ima značajno djelovanje. Najaktivniji spoj testiran je na ulcerogenost. Srednja letalna doza (LD50) određena je na miševima i iznosi 275 mg kg-1 (i.p.)

Listeria monocytogenes: Overview and Targeting Advances

Listeria monocytogenes is a serious foodborne zoonotic pathogen capable of causing gastroenteritis and severe systemic infections such as septicemia, meningitis or abortion in the infected individuals what is called listeriosis. The bacterium is reported as the third leading cause of death among the foodborne pathogens preceded by nontyphoidal Salmonella spp. and Toxoplasma gondii. The power to tolerate a wide range of temperatures is considered the most prominent trait distinguishing it from the other foodborne pathogens. Within the infected host, the bacteria harbor inside macrophages and jump from cell to another without leaving the safeguarding milieu of the host's cells utilizing a set of genes including hly (listeriolysin O), plcA (phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase c), plcB (phosphatidylcholine-phospholipase C) and actA (actin-assembly inducing protein). In addition to the health concerns associated with antibiotics, treatment failure likely occurs among listeriosis-infected persons especially with the inability of most antibiotics to access intracellular replicative niches and achieve the optimum therapeutic concentrations within the infected cells. Recently, one novel choice, peptide nucleic acid (PNA), has been emerged to target this bacterium as a model of targeting intracellular pathogens with anti-sense agents. PNA is a one of the DNA analogues which works via specific inhibition of bacterial gene expression

Cancer in Children at El Obeid Hospital, Western Sudan.

Background: Cancers form one of the major causes of death in children. They differ markedly from adult cancers in their nature, distribution and prognosis. Objectives: To determine the pattern of childhood cancer at El Obeid Hospital, Western Sudan. Patients and Methods: The records of all patients admitted with cancer aged 15 years and below tothe wards of El Obeid Hospital, Western Sudan over two years were studied. The cancers were classified according to the organs affected and then ranked in their order of relative frequency. The mean age, age range, gender and the relative frequency rates were calculated. Results: There were 40 newly diagnosed childhood cancer patients during the study period. Males were 29 patients (72.5%). The age ranged three months to 14 years. Leukaemias were the most common malignancy in both sexes, followed by bone tumours and then nephroblastoma.Conclusions: Cancers in children were seen at Western Sudan, and cases admitted to hospital only reflect the tip of the iceberg as many cases were directly referred to Oncology Hospitals. Establishment of a local radiation and isotopes centre is needed in this part of the country to provide oncology services and to integrate preventive programs.Key words: Acute lymphocytic leukaemia, osteosarcoma, nephroblastoma, Western Sudan

Hormonal, follicular and endometrial dynamics in letrozole-treated versus natural cycles in patients undergoing controlled ovarian stimulation

The objective of this study was to compare letrozole-stimulated cycles to natural cycles in 208 patients undergoing intrauterine insemination (IUI) between July of 2004 and January of 2007. Group I (n = 47) received cycle monitoring only (natural group), Group II (n = 125) received letrozole 2.5 mg/day on cycle days three to seven, and Group III (n = 36) received letrozole 5 mg/day on cycle days three to seven. There were no differences between the groups in endometrial thickness or P4 on the day of hCG. Estradiol levels had higher variation in the second half of the follicular phase in both letrozole-treated groups compared to the control group. Estradiol per preovulatory follicle was similar in both letrozole cycles to that observed in the natural cycles. LH was lower on the day of hCG administration in the letrozole 2.5 mg/day group vs. the natural group. In summary, letrozole results in some minor changes in follicular, hormonal and endometrial dynamics compared to natural cycles. Increased folliculogenesis and pregnancy rates were observed in the letrozole-treated groups compared to the natural group. These findings need to be confirmed in larger, prospective studies

Copper(II)-Complexes of an Isatinic Quinolyl Hydrazone-Anion effect

Abstract Ne

HSO: A Hybrid Swarm Optimization Algorithm for Re-Ducing Energy Consumption in the Cloudlets

Mobile Cloud Computing (MCC) is an emerging technology for the improvement of mobile service quality. MCC resources are dynamically allocated to the users who pay for the resources based on their needs. The drawback of this process is that it is prone to failure and demands a high energy input. Resource providers mainly focus on resource performance and utilization with more consideration on the constraints of service level agreement (SLA). Resource performance can be achieved through virtualization techniques which facilitates the sharing of resource providers’ information between different virtual machines. To address these issues, this study sets forth a novel algorithm (HSO) that optimized energy efficiency resource management in the cloud; the process of the proposed method involves the use of the developed cost and runtime-effective model to create a minimum energy configuration of the cloud compute nodes while guaranteeing the maintenance of all minimum performances. The cost functions will cover energy, performance and reliability concerns. With the proposed model, the performance of the Hybrid swarm algorithm was significantly increased, as observed by optimizing the number of tasks through simulation, (power consumption was reduced by 42%). The simulation studies also showed a reduction in the number of required calculations by about 20% by the inclusion of the presented algorithms compared to the traditional static approach. There was also a decrease in the node loss which allowed the optimization algorithm to achieve a minimal overhead on cloud compute resources while still saving energy significantly. Conclusively, an energy-aware optimization model which describes the required system constraints was presented in this study, and a further proposal for techniques to determine the best overall solution was also made

Post-transplant anemia in pediatric patients and its impact on patient and graft survival: single center experience

Introduction: Post-transplantation anemia (PTA)occurs frequently, with prevalence rates between 20and 60% depending on the criteria used for defininganemia.Aim of the work: We aimed to assess the prevalenceof anemia after 6 months of transplantation inpediatric renal transplant patients under differentprotocols of immunosuppression, and to determinethe impact of anemia upon long-term patient andgraft survival.Patients and methods: Based on the data of 108renal transplants performed in our center, patientswere categorized after 6 months according to theirhemoglobin (Hb) levels into two groups. The firstgroup with Hb more than 11gm/dl (group I, 29cases) and the second group with Hb lessthan11gm/dl (group II, 79cases). We compared thetwo groups regarding post transplant complications(rejection episodes, hypertension, diabetes mellitus,infections, hepatic dysfunction, and patient andgraft survival.Results: we found no significant difference betweenthe two groups regarding rejection episodes.However, the percentage of cases with chronicallograft nephropathy was significantly higher in the anemic group. The survivors with functioning graftswere significantly higher in cases with normal Hb.Moreover, living cases with graft failure weresignificantly higher in anemic group. Graft survivalrate was better in the non anemic group. However,no difference in patient survival was detected. Also,we found no difference between the two groupsregarding post-transplant complications.Conclusions: From this study, we can conclude thatthe prevalence of post-transplant anemia is highpediatric renal transplant patients especially thosereceiving CNI and MMF, and it was associated withpoorer graft outcome but no effect on patientsurvival

Analysis load forecasting of power system using fuzzy logic and artificial neural network

Load forecasting is a vital element in the energy management of function and execution purpose throughout the energy power system. Power systems problems are complicated to solve because power systems are huge complex graphically widely distributed and are influenced by many unexpected events. This paper presents the analysis of load forecasting using fuzzy logic (FL), artificial neural network (ANN) and ANFIS. These techniques are utilized for both short term and long-term load forecasting. ANN and ANFIS are used to improve the results obtained through the FL. It also studied the effects of humidity, temperature and previous load on Load Forecasting. The simulation is done by the Simulink environment of MATLAB software