Concepts on the fluctuations in the Indian Oil Sardine fishery - A Review

Oil sardine resources of the Indian Ocean, especially along the West Coast of India contribute considerably to our total marine fish produ.ctioll . If properly exploited and suitably processed, this can even be utilised to earn foreign exchange, besides being a 'Kudumbam Pularthy ' for our poverty•stricken fishermen folk

A Nano-Mgo and Ionic Liquid-Catalyzed ‘Green’ Synthesis Protocol for the Development of Adamantyl-Imidazolo-Thiadiazoles as Anti-Tuberculosis Agents Targeting Sterol 14α-Demethylase (CYP51)

In this work, we describe the ‘green’ synthesis of novel 6-(adamantan-1-yl)-2-substitutedimidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazoles (AITs) by ring formation reactions using 1-(adamantan-1-yl)-2-bromoethanone and 5-alkyl/aryl-2-amino1,3,4-thiadiazoles on a nano material base inionic liquid media. Given the established activity of imidazothiadiazoles against M. tuberculosis,we next examined the anti-TB activity of AITs against the H37Rv strain using Alamarblue assay. Among the tested compounds 6-(adamantan-1-yl)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazole (3f) showed potent inhibitory activity towards M. tuberculosis with an MIC value of 8.5 μM. The inhibitory effect of this molecule against M. tuberculosis was comparable to the standard drugs such as Pyrazinamide, Streptomycin, and Ciprofloxacin drugs. Mechanistically, an in silico analysis predicted sterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51)as the likely target and experimental activity of 3f in this system corroborated the in silico target prediction. In summary, we herein report the synthesis and biological evaluation of novel AITs against M. tuberculosis that likely target CYP51 to induce their antimycobacterial activity

A nano-MgO and ionic liquid-catalyzed 'green' synthesis protocol for the development of adamantyl-imidazolo-thiadiazoles as anti-tuberculosis agents targeting sterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51)

In this work, we describe the 'green' synthesis of novel 6-(adamantan-1-yl)-2-substitutedimidazo2,1-b1,3,4thiadiazoles (AITs) by ring formation reactions using 1-(adamantan-1-yl)-2-bromoethanone and 5-alkyl/aryl-2-amino1,3,4-thiadiazoles on a nano material base in ionic liquid media. Given the established activity of imidazothiadiazoles against M. tuberculosis, we next examined the anti-TB activity of AITs against the H37Rv strain using Alamar blue assay. Among the tested compounds 6-(adamantan-1-yl)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)imidazo2,1-b1,3,4thiadiazole (3f) showed potent inhibitory activity towards M. tuberculosis with an MIC value of 8.5 μM. The inhibitory effect of this molecule against M. tuberculosis was comparable to the standard drugs such as Pyrazinamide, Streptomycin, and Ciprofloxacin drugs. Mechanistically, an in silico analysis predicted sterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51) as the likely target and experimental activity of 3f in this system corroborated the in silico target prediction. In summary, we herein report the synthesis and biological evaluation of novel AITs against M. tuberculosis that likely target CYP51 to induce their antimycobacterial activity. © 2015 Anusha et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited

DeMalFier: Detection of Malicious web pages using an effective classifier

The web has become an indispensable global platform that glues together daily communication, sharing, trading, collaboration and service delivery. Web users often store and manage critical information that attracts cybercriminals who misuse the web and the internet to exploit vulnerabilities for illegitimate benefits. Malicious web pages are transpiring threatening issue over the internet becaus

ReP-ETD: A Repetitive Preprocessing technique for Embedded Text Detection from images in spam emails

Email service proves to be a convenient and powerful communication tool. As internet continues to grow, the type of information available to user has shifted from text only to multimedia enriched. Embedded text in multimedia content is one of the prevalent means for delivering messages to content viewers. With the increasing importance of emails and the incursions of internet marketers, spam has become a major problem and has given rise to unwanted mails. Spammers are continuously adopting new techniques to evade detection. Image spam is one such technique where in embedded text within images carries the main information of the spam message instead of text based spam. Currently, image spam is evaluated to be roughly 50% of all spam traffic and is still on the rise, thus a serious research issue. Filtering mails is one of the popular approaches used to block spam mails. This work proposes new model ReP-ETD (Repetitive Pre-processing technique for Embedded Text Detection) for efficiently and accurately detecting spam in email images. The performance of the proposed ReP-ETD model has been evaluated across the identified parameters and compared with other existing models. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model

Studies On Bayesian Approaches To Image Restoration And Super Resolution Image Reconstruction

High quality image /video has become an integral part in our day-to-day life ranging from many areas of science, engineering and medical diagnosis. All these imaging applications call for high resolution, properly focused and crisp images. However, in real situations obtaining such a high quality image is expensive, and in some cases it is not practical. In imaging systems such as digital camera, blur and noise degrade the image quality. The recorded images look blurred, noisy and unable to resolve the finer details of the scene, which are clearly notable under zoomed conditions. The post processing techniques based on computational methods extract the hidden information and thereby improve the quality of the captured images. The study in this thesis focuses on deconvolution and eventually blind de-convolution problem of a single frame captured at low light imaging conditions arising from digital photography/surveillance imaging applications. Our intention is to restore a sharp image from its blurred and noisy observation, when the blur is completely known/unknown and such inverse problems are ill-posed/twice ill-posed. This thesis consists of two major parts. The first part addresses deconvolution/blind deconvolution problem using Bayesian approach with fuzzy logic based gradient potential as a prior functional. In comparison with analog cameras, artifacts are visible in digital cameras when the images are enlarged and there is a demand to enhance the resolution. The increased resolution can be in spatial, temporal or even in both the dimensions. Super resolution reconstruction methods reconstruct images/video containing spectral information beyond that is available in the captured low resolution images. The second part of the thesis addresses resolution enhancement of observed monochromatic/color images using multiple frames of the same scene. This reconstruction problem is formulated in Bayesian domain with an aspiration of reducing blur, noise, aliasing and increasing the spatial resolution. The image is modeled as Markov random field and a fuzzy logic filter based gradient potential is used to differentiate between edge and noisy pixels. Suitable priors are adaptively applied to obtain artifact free/reduced images. In this work, all our approaches are experimentally validated using standard test images. The Matlab based programming tools are used for carrying out the validation. The performance of the approaches are qualitatively compared with results of recently proposed methods. Our results turn out to be visually pleasing and quantitatively competitive

Predictive Determinants for Gastro-oesophageal Malignancy in Dyspeptic patients with Alarm features.

INTRODUCTION : Dyspepsia is a nonspecific term to denote upper abdominal discomfort that is thought to arise from the upper-GI tract. Dyspepsia may encompass a variety of more specific symptoms, including epigastric discomfort,bloating, anorexia, early satiety, belching or regurgitation, nausea, and heartburn. Symptoms of dyspepsia most commonly result from 1 of 4 underlying disorders: peptic ulcer disease, GERD, functional disorders (nonulcer dyspepsia),and malignancy: malignancy is present in 1% to 3% of patients with dyspepsia and peptic ulcer disease in another 5% to 15%. The estimated annual prevalence in western countries is approximately 25% to 40% accounting 2-5% of all primary care consultations. In India almost one-third of the population has symptoms. Endoscopy is the procedure of choice for the diagnostic evaluation of this common, longterm, symptom shifting, expensive disorder.It offers the potential for early diagnosis of structural disease.Yet, given the large numbers of patients with dyspepsia, it is not practical to perform endoscopy in all patients with dyspepsia. Age and alarm features have been used in an attempt to identify those patients with dyspepsia who harbor structural disease. Patients with a new onset of dyspepsia after 45 to 55 years of age and those with symptoms or signs (unintended weight loss, Upper Gastrointestinal bleeding or iron deficiency anemia, progressive dysphagia, persistent vomiting, palpable mass, lymphadenopathy, jaundice) that suggest structural disease are advised to undergo initial endoscopy. Patients with alarm features and dyspepsia have significantly worse outcomes than the population at large. In a prospective questionnaire study, patients with alarm symptoms and dyspepsia had a significant increase in both GI cancer and mortality over a 3-year period. Even though alarm features predict relatively poor patient outcomes, they have a low predictive value for GI cancer. In a meta-analysis of 15 studies that evaluated more than 57,000 patients with dyspepsia, alarm symptoms showed a positive predictive value for GI cancer of <11% in all but 1 of these studies. The negative predictive value of alarm symptoms was much higher, at > 97%, because of the low prevalence of GI cancer in that population. A second meta-analysis of 26 studies that totaled more than 16,000 patients with dyspepsia showed similar results: the positive predictive value of alarm symptoms for upper-GI cancer was only 5.9% and the negative predictive value was >99%. Unfortunately, clinical impression, demographics,risk factors, history items, and symptoms also do not adequately distinguish structural disease from functional disease in patients with dyspepsia who are referred for endoscopy. It is worth noting that one fourth of patients with malignancy and dyspepsia have no alarm symptoms. AIM OF THE STUDY : 1.To determine the predictive factors of gastroesophageal malignancy in dyspeptic patients presenting with alarm features. 2.To arrive at or to refine indications for Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy in patients with dyspepsia. CONCLUSIONS : The alarm features like dysphagia(p=0.003), persistent vomiting(p=0.02), anemia(p=0.01), age>45 years(p = 0.02) and weight loss(p = 0.008) were identified as significant predictors for Gastroesophageal malignancy in dyspeptic patients. No gender difference observed to influence the malignant outcome(p = 0.3). The duration of alarm inversely correlates with malignant outcome(p<0.0001). Presence of alarm combination do not significantly increase the chances of malignancy (p=0.3) Alarm features in age > 45 years predict more significantly(p=0.008) the malignant outcomes than younger age group with alarm. Alarm features like Upper GI bleed(p=0.8), early satiety(p=0.2), anorexia(p=0.1), easy fatiguability(p=0.13), mass abdomen(p=0.6) do not predict significantly Gastroesophageal malignancy. Based on the results of the present study,we recommend the following guidelines that can be followed in our set up: 1.Irrespective of age group, any dyspeptic patient with alarm should be subjected to Upper GI endoscopy to rule out malignancy as per the recommendation.But the urgency of endoscopy can be prioritised. (a) In Age > 45 years presenting with alarm,Upper GI endoscopy should be done urgently/at the earliest without even waiting for the baseline investigations. (b) In Age > 45 years without alarm & younger patients with alarm,Upper GI scopy can be done in an elective basis or after undergoing baseline investigations. 2.Patients presenting with dysphagia,vomiting ,weight loss,anemia should be done endoscopy in an urgent basisThe above indications may minimize the workload to the endoscopist and at the same time identifies the malignancy at the earliest