Measuring the burden of arboviral diseases: the spectrum of morbidity and mortality from four prevalent infections

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Globally, arthropod-borne virus infections are increasingly common causes of severe febrile disease that can progress to long-term physical or cognitive impairment or result in early death. Because of the large populations at risk, it has been suggested that these outcomes represent a substantial health deficit not captured by current global disease burden assessments.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We reviewed newly available data on disease incidence and outcomes to critically evaluate the disease burden (as measured by disability-adjusted life years, or DALYs) caused by yellow fever virus (YFV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), chikungunya virus (CHIKV), and Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV). We searched available literature and official reports on these viruses combined with the terms "outbreak(s)," "complication(s)," "disability," "quality of life," "DALY," and "QALY," focusing on reports since 2000. We screened 210 published studies, with 38 selected for inclusion. Data on average incidence, duration, age at onset, mortality, and severity of acute and chronic outcomes were used to create DALY estimates for 2005, using the approach of the current Global Burden of Disease framework.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Given the limitations of available data, nondiscounted, unweighted DALYs attributable to YFV, JEV, CHIKV, and RVFV were estimated to fall between 300,000 and 5,000,000 for 2005. YFV was the most prevalent infection of the four viruses evaluated, although a higher proportion of the world's population lives in countries at risk for CHIKV and JEV. Early mortality and long-term, related chronic conditions provided the largest DALY components for each disease. The better known, short-term viral febrile syndromes caused by these viruses contributed relatively lower proportions of the overall DALY scores.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Limitations in health systems in endemic areas undoubtedly lead to underestimation of arbovirus incidence and related complications. However, improving diagnostics and better understanding of the late secondary results of infection now give a first approximation of the current disease burden from these widespread serious infections. Arbovirus control and prevention remains a high priority, both because of the current disease burden and the significant threat of the re-emergence of these viruses among much larger groups of susceptible populations.</p

Conjuntos excepcionais e alguns problemas de Mahler

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Departamento de Matemática, 2017.Seja f uma função inteira e transcendente. Denotamos por Sf o conjunto de todos os α ∈ ´Q tais que f(α) ∈ ´Q (o conjunto excepcional de f). Nessa dissertação, mostraremos quais subconjuntos de ´Q podem ser o conjunto excepcional de alguma função inteira e transcendente. Além disso, trataremos de dois problemas de Mahler relacionados a propriedades de funções inteiras e transcendentes. Mostraremos que existem funções inteiras e transcendentes que levam um subconjunto dos números de Liouville nele mesmo e daremos uma resposta positiva ao Problema B de Mahler: Problema B: Existe uma função inteira e transcendente f(z) = Σn =0 ∞ a nz n com coeficientes racionais tal que f( ´Q ) ⊆ ´Q e f−1( ´Q ) ⊆ ´Q ? .Let f be an entire transcendental function. We denote by Sf the set of all α ∈ ´Q such that f(α) ∈ ´Q (exceptional set of f). Throughout this dissertation, we will show which subsets of ´Q can be the exceptional set of some entire transcendental function. Moreover, we will deal with two of Mahler’s problems related to properties of entire transcendental functions. We will show that there are entire transcendental functions that map a subset of Liouville numbers in itself and we will give a positive answer for Mahler’s Problem B: Problem B: Is there an entire transcendental function f(z) = Σn =0 ∞ a nz n with rational coefficients such that que f( ´Q ) ⊆ ´Q e f−1( ´Q ) ⊆ ´Q ?

Original Research Article Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern and serotyping of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from Kanti Children Hospital in Nepal

Background: Invasive pneumococcal disease is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and it is a major cause for childhood deaths in Nepal. Objectives: The aim of this study was to establish the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Streptococcus pneumoniae and perform serotype responsible for pneumococcal disease in Nepal. Materials and methods: All together 3774 children from 2 to 60 months who fulfilled the enrollment criteria for suspect of bacterial pneumonia, sepsis or meningitis were enrolled for etiologic studies of severe illness. During the study period 60 isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae were isolated and the antimicrobial susceptibility testing and serotyping were performed. Results: The study showed that 24 (52.17%) isolates were resistant to Cotrimoxazole, 3 (6.5%) isolates were intermediately resistant to Penicillin but no Penicillin resistant strains were isolated. The 1 (2.17%) isolate was recorded as Erythromycin and Chloramphenicol resistant and only 1 (2.17%) isolate was found intermediately resistant to Cefotaxime. Of the 60 isolates, serotyping result was available only for 46 isolates. The most common serotypes were serotype 1 (27. 65%) followed by serotype 5 (19.14%) and serotype 4 (8. 5%) respectively followed by serotype 39, 23F