The Making of the NEAM Tsunami Hazard Model 2018 (NEAMTHM18)

The NEAM Tsunami Hazard Model 2018 (NEAMTHM18) is a probabilistic hazard model for tsunamis generated by earthquakes. It covers the coastlines of the North-eastern Atlantic, the Mediterranean, and connected seas (NEAM). NEAMTHM18 was designed as a three-phase project. The first two phases were dedicated to the model development and hazard calculations, following a formalized decision-making process based on a multiple-expert protocol. The third phase was dedicated to documentation and dissemination. The hazard assessment workflow was structured in Steps and Levels. There are four Steps: Step-1) probabilistic earthquake model; Step-2) tsunami generation and modeling in deep water; Step-3) shoaling and inundation; Step-4) hazard aggregation and uncertainty quantification. Each Step includes a different number of Levels. Level-0 always describes the input data; the other Levels describe the intermediate results needed to proceed from one Step to another. Alternative datasets and models were considered in the implementation. The epistemic hazard uncertainty was quantified through an ensemble modeling technique accounting for alternative models’ weights and yielding a distribution of hazard curves represented by the mean and various percentiles. Hazard curves were calculated at 2,343 Points of Interest (POI) distributed at an average spacing of ∼20 km. Precalculated probability maps for five maximum inundation heights (MIH) and hazard intensity maps for five average return periods (ARP) were produced from hazard curves. In the entire NEAM Region, MIHs of several meters are rare but not impossible. Considering a 2% probability of exceedance in 50 years (ARP≈2,475 years), the POIs with MIH >5 m are fewer than 1% and are all in the Mediterranean on Libya, Egypt, Cyprus, and Greece coasts. In the North-East Atlantic, POIs with MIH >3 m are on the coasts of Mauritania and Gulf of Cadiz. Overall, 30% of the POIs have MIH >1 m. NEAMTHM18 results and documentation are available through the TSUMAPS-NEAM project website (http://www.tsumaps-neam.eu/), featuring an interactive web mapper. Although the NEAMTHM18 cannot substitute in-depth analyses at local scales, it represents the first action to start local and more detailed hazard and risk assessments and contributes to designing evacuation maps for tsunami early warning.publishedVersio

Crioconservação de sementes de seis acessos de maracujazeiro

The cryoconservation has become an interesting alternative for the conservation of germplasm. Researched the seed conservation of passion fruit under two environments: laboratory (25ºC) and liquid nitrogen (-196ºC). Six accesses from IAC germplasm were studied: Passiflora serrato-digitata L., P. nitida Kunth. and four P. edulis Sims. genotypes (yellow, purple, small-purple, rose-apple). Seeds from the mature fruits were processed and evaluated in different moisture contents. Each treatment was composed of 400 seeds in four repetitions of 50 units each. The seed cryoconservation effects were evaluated by standard germination test (STG) and by the following tests of vigor: first counting of the STG (%), to the 7 days, length of seedling (cm) and emergency (%), to the 30 days. It was verified that the cryoconservation significantly affected the seeds quality of the P. edulis Sims. For this species, occurred improvement in the seeds germination and the seedlings emergency of yellow and rose-apple genotypes. For P. serrata-digitata seeds, similar results were 14 obtained to two treatments, showing germination below of 12%. Already, P. nitida seeds had the poorest % germination, independent of moisture contents. For these two last species will necessity of other searches to test cryprotectors for better seed conservations in ultra-low temperatures.A crioconservação em nitrogênio líquido transformou-se numa alternativa interessante e oportuna para a conservação de germoplasma vegetal. Neste trabalho pesquisou-se a conservação de sementes de maracujazeiro sob dois ambientes: laboratório (25ºC) e nitrogênio líquido (-196ºC). Utilizaram-se sementes, com variados teores de umidade, dos seguintes acessos do Banco Ativo de Germoplasma-Passiflora do IAC: Passiflora serrato-digitata L., P. nitida Kunth. e quatro genótipos de P. edulis Sims. (maracujás amarelo, roxo, rosa-maçã e roxinho-miúdo). Uma parte das sementes foi submetida à secagem, em estufa com circulação de ar a 32 4°C, para redução e uniformização da umidade até 20%. Os tratamentos foram esquematizados em fatorial 2 x 6 x 2, sendo o primeiro fator composto pela umidade inicial das sementes e umidade reduzida a 20%, o segundo fator pelos acessos de maracujazeiro e o terceiro fator pelo ambiente de armazenamento (ambiente de laboratório e criopreservação). O delineamento utilização foi o inteiramente casualizado. Cada tratamento constou de uma amostra de 200 sementes, divididas em 4 repetições de 50 sementes. Após 10 dias, as sementes não desidratadas e desidratadas foram congeladas em nitrogênio líquido e retiradas após 10 dias, sendo descongeladas sucessivamente à temperatura de -20ºC e de 5ºC, durante 24 horas cada. Os tratamentos foram avaliados pelo teste de germinação padrão (TPG, %), aos 7 dias e pelos testes de vigor: comprimento de plântula (cm) e emergência em viveiro(%), aos 30 dias. Verificou-se que a crioconservação afetou significativamente a qualidade das sementes de P. edulis. Para essa espécie, ocorreu melhoria na germinação das sementes dos maracujás amarelo e rosa-maçã. Para P. serratadigitata, as sementes se comportaram de forma similar em todos os tratamentos, mostrando germinação abaixo de 12%. As sementes de P. nitida não germinaram independente dos tratamentos. Para estas duas últimas espécies haverá necessidade de se pesquisar os variados tipos de crioprotetores para melhor conservação das sementes em condições de temperaturas ultra-baixas

Floral scent of brazilian Passiflora: five species analised by dynamic headspace

ABSTRACT This study describes for the first time the chemical composition and olfactive description of floral scent from Brazilian Passiflora (Passiflora edulis Sim, Passiflora alata Curtis, Passiflora cincinnata Mast., Passiflora coccinea Aubl. and Passiflora quadrangularis L.). Five species were grown in greenhouse at the Agronomic Institute (IAC), São Paulo, Brazil. Volatile compounds were collected using dynamic headspace. Analyses of scent composition were performed by gas chromatograph coupled to mass spectrometer. Identification of chemical constituents was conducted through of retention index followed by comparative analysis of mass spectra with specialized databases. The olfactive descriptions of floral scent from each species was evaluated for a professional perfumer. High interspecific diversity was found between chemical compositions of floral scent within Passiflora and different bouquets were observed amount the studied species. Mayor constituents were linalool (P. alata), geraniol (P. quadrangularis), 1,4-dimethoxybenzene (P. edulis), benzaldehyde (P. cincinnata) and 2-methyl-3-pentanone (P. coccinea)