Professional decision making and women offenders : containing the chaos?

This article draws on the findings from research undertaken in south-east Scotland in 2008 which sought to identify the characteristics of female offenders and to document the views of policy makers and practitioners regarding the experiences of women involved in the Scottish criminal justice system. Despite Scotland having retained a stronger 'welfare' focus than elsewhere in the UK (e.g. McAra, 2008), this is not reflected in the treatment of women who offend, with the rate of female imprisonment having almost doubled in the last ten years and community based disposals falling short of a welfare-oriented system. This article explores why the treatment that women offenders receive in the criminal justice system may be harsh and disproportionate both in relation to their offending and in relation to the treatment of men. It is argued that interventions with women need to be initiated earlier in their cycle of offending and at an earlier stage in the criminal justice process but also that the wide-ranging health, welfare, financial and behavioural needs of women who offend cannot be met solely within an increasingly risk-averse and punitive criminal justice environment

Manual work, technology, and industrial health, 1918-39.

Workers' health in the inter-war years has been the subject ofrecent enquiry and was a topic that generated much contentious contemporary debate.' The focus of discussion has been the impact ofmass unemployment and consequent deprivation on standards of health, physique, and general well-being. The object here is to open up a further, so far very neglected dimension, by switching attention to the workplace, and investigating the theme of health at work in the 1920s and 1930s.2 The present generation has grown up with the knowledge that work, working conditions, and technology may seriously affect the mental and physical health and well-being of individual workers, and that health, fitness, and fatigue can considerably influence productivity levels and efflciency. Evidence of these correlations accumulated with the practical work of the Factory Inspectorate from the 1830s, the weight of experience of a relatively thin strand of welfarist, humanitarian employers (of the G. Cadbury and S. Rowntree genre), and the experimentation of "scientific management" theorizers, including the Americans, F. W. Taylor (time study) and F. and L. Gilbreth (motion study)

Pasture Composition Influences Soil Erosion in Eucalyptus woodlands of Northern Queensland

Runoff and soil loss in grazed Eucalyptus woodlands of north Queensland were monitored over a 5-year period. As ground cover increased, runoff and soil loss decreased. When cover exceeded 50%, runoff and erosion were small. Ground cover was a function of standing dry mailer which decreased as tree cover and stocking rate increased and differed between pasture types. Simulated soil losses from these woodlands was \u3c10-2800 kg/ha/year, and runoff was 5- 16 mm/year. Annual soil losses (simulated) were proportional to the square of the annual simulated runoff

First record of the Starry Weever Trachinus radiatus (Cuvier, 1829) from the Madeira archipelago

The Starry Weever (Trachinus radiatus, Cuvier 1829) is one of nine extant species of the Trachinidae family, which typically inhabit sandy-bottomed environments. This species is widespread throughout the Mediterranean Sea and in the Eastern Atlantic from continental Portugal to Angola, including the Canary Islands (Seret & Opic 2011; Smith, 2016). It has, however, not yet been recorded from the Azores, Madeira, and the Cabo Verde Islands. Carneiro et al. (2019) mentioned a museum specimen allegedly from Madeira Island in the Paris Natural History Museum (MNHN-IC-2005-2436,1925) but this specimen is not from Madeira, it is from Casablanca fish market (Iglesias pers. comm. To the second author). We herein provide the first true record of T. radiatus from the Madeira archipelago, in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Dynamics of Stylosanthes Species in Mixed Pastures in a Marginal Environment

The growth and population dynamics of Stylosanthes hamata cv. Verano and S. scabra cv. Seca were measured in mixed, oversown pastures at Hillgrove (AAR=535 mm) near Charters Towers. Over a 10-year period mean stylo yields ranged from 20 kg/ha to 1800 kg/ha. During the first 3 years Verano outyielded Seca but in the last 7 years Seca had greater yields. Plant density was greater for Verano lhan Seca during the early years but the situation was reversed in later years. The Seca plants lived longer than Verano plants and there was a greater proportion of perennial plants in the Seca populations than in the Verano populations

Listening and learning : the reciprocal relationship between worker and client

The relationship between worker and client has for the best part of 100 years been the mainstay of probation, and yet has recently been eroded by an increased emphasis on punishment, blame and managerialism. The views of offenders are in direct contradiction to these developments within the criminal justice system and this article argues that only by taking account of the views of those at the 'coal face' will criminologists, policy makers and practitioners be able to effect real change in crime rates. The article thus focuses on the views of a sample of previously persistent offenders in Scotland about offending, desistance and how the system can help them. It explores not only their need for friendship and support in youth but also the close association between relationships and the likelihood of offending. It also demonstrates the views of offenders themselves about the importance of the working relationship with supervising officers in helping them desist from crime. The article concludes that the most effective way of reducing offending is to re-engage with the message of the Probation Act of 100 years ago, namely, to 'advise, assist and befriend' offenders rather than to 'confront, challenge and change' offending behaviour