Selection gain in the intrapopulation genetic breeding of yellow passion fruit

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar o ganho de seleção associado a características agronômicas de importância no melhoramento intrapopulacional do aracujazeiro‑amarelo. O experimento foi realizado em campo, no Município de Terra Nova do Norte, MT, com a avaliação de 111 famílias de irmãos completos (FIC) e seis cultivares comerciais, utilizadas como testemunhas. Utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com três repetições e quatro plantas por parcela. Foram avaliadas as seguintes características: produtividade, comprimento, diâmetro e peso médio dos frutos, percentagem e peso de polpa, espessura de casca e teor de sólidos solúveis. Para verificar a existência de variabilidade genética entre os genótipos, estimaram-se os parâmetros genéticos da população com base na média das famílias. Os 30 genótipos com o menor valor da soma de postos, de acordo com o índice de seleção de Mulamba & Mock, foram selecionados para estimar os ganhos genéticos. Observaram-se altos valores médios para as características e parâmetros genéticos avaliados nas 26 FIC e nas quatro testemunhas selecionadas. O uso do índice de seleção proporciona ganhos genéticos positivos em produtividade, percentagem e peso de polpa, comprimento, diâmetro e peso de frutos, e espessura de casca.The objective of this work was to estimate the selection gain associated to traits of agronomic importance, in the intrapopulation genetic breeding of yellow passion fruit. The experiment was carried out in the field, in Terra Nova do Norte, MT, Brazil, by evaluating 111 full‑sib families (FSF) and six commercial cultivars, used as controls. The experimental design was a randomized complete block, with three replicates and four plants per plot. The following traits were evaluated: productivity, fruit length, diameter and weight, pulp percentage and weight, skin thickness, and soluble solid content. In order to determine the genetic variability between genotypes, the population’s genetic parameters were estimated based on the means of the families. The 30 genotypes with the lowest sum of ranks, according to Mulamba & Mock’s selection index, were selected to estimate genetic gains. High mean values were observed for the evaluated characteristics and genetic parameters in the 26 FSF and in the four controls selected. The selection index provides positive genetic gains as to: productivity, pulp percentage and weight, fruit length, diameter and weight, and skin thickness

QUALIDADE BACTERIOLÓGICA DE ÁGUA MINERAL COMERCIALIZADA EM TANGARÁ DA SERRA-MT

Diante da constante preocupação com a qualidade de água distribuída para a população, a água mineral se tornou o alvo de pessoas que procuram um estilo de vida saudável, tornando-se então um interessante objeto de pesquisa. Nestas condições, para uma verificação da qualidade da água mineral comercializada na cidade de Tangará da Serra - MT, foi realizada a quantificação de coliformes totais, termotolerantes e bactérias aeróbias mesófilas, além da medição do pH e temperatura de três marcas de água mineral. Para tanto, foram coletadas e analisadas 14 amostras de cada marca de água mineral selecionada, totalizando 42 amostras. A contagem de coliformes totais e termotolerantes foram realizadas de acordo com a técnica de fermentação em tubos múltiplos, assim como o método de dilui- ção seriada e plaqueamento pela técnica de spread-plate em Plate Count Agar (PCA) para a contagem de bactérias aeróbias mesófilas. Para a medição do pH e temperatura das amostras foi utilizado um medidor de pH (Tecnopon mPA. 210 versão 6,0). Das 42 amostras analisadas, duas (4,8%) amostras obtiveram contagem de coliformes totais, estando uma amostra (2,4%) em desacordo com a legislação vigente. A presença de bactérias aeróbias mesófilas também foi observada em 40,5% (n=17) das amostras, com um índice variando entre 2,3x102 4,3 x 105 UFC/mL. Desta forma, ressalta-se a importância da verificação da qualidade da água mineral comercializada, tendo em vista o seu amplo consumo entre a população, elevando este estudo a interesse de saúde pública

GENETIC DIVERGENCE AMONG Passiflora cristalina Vanderpl & Zappi. GENOTYPES BASED ON FLOWER AND FRUIT CHARACTERISTICS

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the genetic divergence among Passiflora cristalina genotypes and quantify the relative contribution of 30 flower and fruit characteristics, seeking to support the preservation and characterization of genetic resources of the species for preservation and use in future breeding programs. We evaluated 150 fruit and 150 flowers collected in 15 genotypes with naturally occurring in the municipality of Alta Floresta, MT. The characterization of genotypes was performed through 30 morphological characteristics of flowers and fruits, 21 of these for flower and 9 for fruit. Data were evaluated using the principal components and cluster methods obtained by UPGMA method from the similarity matrix (Euclidian mean distance), using the Genes software. By principal component analysis, it has been found that the first three components have absorbed 52.11% of the accumulated variation. The characteristics that most contributed to the discrimination of genotypes were fresh fruit weight, stigma length, length of corona filaments, fruit width, petal width and pulp weight, which are more responsive for the selection of P.cristalina genotypes. Smaller contributions to diversity were obtained from anther width, bract width and fruit length. The smallest contributions for diversity were obtained from the following characteristics: anther width, bract width and fruit length. Through UPGMA clustering method, it was found that there is a large genetic divergence among genotypes analyzed because all genotypes were grouped with over 50% of dissimilarity. This study identified genotypes 4, 5 and 9 as the most divergent and therefore the most suitable for breeding in future breeding programs and genetic conservation of the species

In vitro germination of desert rose varieties(

The drought stress resistance is a characteristic of the desert rose and its estimable beauty flowers, which gave it great relevance in the ornamental market. However, the desert rose production and germination is hampered by possible sterility of their male and female flowers and frequent problems in pollination, so the tissue culture is a promising alternative to the propagation of these plants. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of gibberellic acid on four commercial varieties of desert rose (Adenium obesum) cultivated in vitro. The seeds of the varieties ‘Orange Pallet’, ‘Carnation violet’, ‘Diamond ring’ and ‘Vermiliont’ were sterilized and inoculated on Water + Agar (T0), medium MS (T1), ½ MS (T2), MS + 0.25 mg L-1 GA3 (T3), MS + 0.5 mg L-1 GA3 (T4), ½ MS + 0.25 mg L-1 GA3 (T5), ½ MS 0.5 mg L-1 GA3 (T6). The seeds germination of A. obesum was initiated on the fourth day of cultivation and on the tenth day was possible to observe the expansion of the cotyledons and leaf expansion with subsequent development of early secondary root. The ‘Orange pallet’ variety germinated 100% of seeds on water + agar and MS ½ + 0.5 mg L-1 of GA3. For ‘Diamond Ring’ and ‘Carnation violet’ the highest rate of germination occurred in treatments MS ½; 0.25 mg L-1 GA3; MS + 0.5 mg L-1 GA3 MS ½ + 0.5 mg L-1 GA3 averaging 80% and 70%, respectively. For ‘Vermiliont’ the best response was in MS and MS ½ + 0.5 mg L-1 GA3 ranging between 70-90% germinated embryos. It was registered different malformations in all treatments like absence of roots and apexes during seedling development. The concentrations of GA3 did not affect significantly the seed germination

Repetitive somatic embryogenesis from wild passion fruit (Passiflora cincinnata Mast.) anthers

Induction of somatic embryogenesis from in vitro-cultivated anthers represents a recent but poorly understood regeneration pathway for passion fruit species. Here, we aimed to develop an efficient system to produce and proliferate somatic embryos from cultivated anthers of Passiflora cincinnata. The floral buds were categorized into five different developmental stages (DS1 to DS5) according to their length and diameter. Their anthers were then cultured in induction medium at various concentrations of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 4.5 μM 6-benzyladenine. The control contained no plant growth regulators. Somatic embryogenesis started from the diploid sporophytic tissues of the anthers and continued indirectly through the formation of yellow and friable embryogenic calluses at 9.1 to 27.1 μM 2,4-D. Embryogenic calluses and primary and secondary embryos were significantly more numerous only when anthers at the DS2 stage were cultivated with 18.1 μM 2,4-D and 4.5 μM 6-benzyladenine. Secondary diploid somatic embryos formed on the surface of primary embryos via direct and repetitive embryogenesis, as well as directly from the hypocotyl of regenerated P. cincinnata emblings. The capacity to induce repetitive somatic embryogenesis represents a promising tool for Passiflora micropropagation

Novel and efficient transformation of wild passion fruit (Passiflora cincinnata Mast.) using sonication-assisted Agrobacterium-mediated transformation

Passiflora cincinnata stands out among Passifloraceae because of its medicinal properties and its resistance to pathogens, which promotes its use as a rootstock for other Passiflora species. A valuable strategy for obtaining disease-resistant passion fruit plants is represented by genetic transformation; however, this requires efficient regeneration. Here, we aimed to establish an efficient protocol for generating transgenic passion fruit plants using sonication-assisted Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of somatic embryos. The latter were obtained from anthers, sonicated, and exposed to an Agrobacterium suspension for 15 or 30 s. As a comparison, non-sonicated embryos were also exposed to the same bacterial treatment, whereas non-infected embryos were used as controls. Plant identity was confirmed by PCR, qPCR, and histochemical assay. Transgenic plants were obtained at higher rates in the treatments applying sonication. Overall, 171 plantlets were regenerated, 38 of which showed stable uidA reporter gene expression. Of these 38 transgenic plants, 22 (57.89%) and 13 (34.21%) were obtained by sonication-assisted Agrobacterium-mediated transformation for 30 s and 15 s, respectively, whereas the remaining 3 (7.89%) were exposed for 30 s but without prior sonication. Our results indicate that sonication-assisted Agrobacterium-mediated transformation for 30 s enhanced transformation efficiency in P. cincinnata. We believe that this system will allow for more efficient production of transgenic passion fruit plants

High responsiveness in de novo shoot organogenesis induction of Passiflora cristalina (Passifloraceae), a wild Amazonian passion fruit species

The aim of the present study was to establish a regeneration system via de novo organogenesis from different types of non-meristematic explants of Passiflora cristalina. Leaf, hypocotyl, root segments, cotyledons, and endosperm of P. cristalina seeds were inoculated in Murashige and Skoog (MS)-basal medium, supplemented with different concentrations of 6-Benzyladenine (BA), Thidiazuron (TDZ), or Kinetin (KIN). BA was found to be the most efficient cytokinin in induction of de novo organogenesis from most the explants used in the study. The highest frequencies of adventitious bud formation in the hypocotyl and cotyledon explants were observed in medium supplemented with 1.0 mg L^−1 BA. For leaf and endosperm segments, the best concentration was 2.0 mg L^−1 BA; while for root segments, the highest mean values were observed with 1.0 mg L^−1 KIN. The different morphogenetic responses obtained from each explant source were characterized using light microscopy. P. cristalina revealed a remarkable organogenic potential, with superior production of adventitious shoots compared with the other Passiflora species evaluated elsewhere. These results will be helpful to establish a reproducible and reliable micropropagation protocol, as well as to implement conservationist and biotechnological-based genetic breeding strategies for this wild Passiflora species

In vitro regeneration of triploid plants from mature endosperm culture of commercial passionfruit (Passiflora edulis Sims)

Due to the triploid nature of endosperm, an embryonic reserve tissue, in vitro culture of endosperm tissues has been considered a direct method for production of polyploids. In the present study, we report the establishment of an in vitro regeneration system from endosperm culture for production of triploid Passiflora edulis plants, the main commercial species of passionfruit. Surface-sterilized endosperms were cultured in MS medium with different concentrations of benzyladenine (BA), thidiazuron (TDZ), and kinetin (KIN). The cultures were maintained in a growth chamber under controlled conditions, for 60 days. Thidiazuron was the only type of cytokinin that induced shoot production in the endosperm tissues; the highest number of shoots was produced in the presence of 4.5 and 9.0 μM TDZ. Flow cytometry and chromosomal analysis confirmed that endosperm-derived plants were triploid. The internal standard, Pisum sativum, and the diploid control, seed-derived Passiflora edulis plants (2n = 2× = 18), showed average DNA quantities of 9.09 and 3.35 pg respectively. Endosperm-derived P. edulis plants showed an average DNA content of 5.10 pg and a chromosome count of 27 (3n = 3× = 27), the same ploidy level as the endosperm (triploid). Our data open new prospects for breeding of passionfruit by means of a stable and reproducible regeneration system from endosperm culture leading to generation of triploid plants