Safety assessment and behavioral effects of Solanum guaraniticum leaf extract in rats

ABSTRACT Solanum guaraniticum is a medicinal plant traditionally used to treat gastric and liver diseases. However, there is no documented evidence corroborating its safety. The present study evaluated the potential toxicity of S. guaraniticum leaf extract after acute administration in rats. Single doses of the extract (1.250, 2.500, and 5.000 mg/kg) were administered by gavage, and the rats were then monitored for 48 h and/or 14 days. Mortality, acute signs of toxicity, and general activity in the open field test were assessed as well as hematological and biochemical parameters, enzymatic activity (δ-aminolevulinate dehydratase and acetylcholinesterase), and oxidative stress parameters (lipid peroxidation level, non-protein thiol content, tissue catalase activity, and serum ferrous reducing power). Phytochemical analysis was also performed by HPLC. The results showed that extract administration produced no deaths (LD50 > 5,000 mg/kg), and no significant adverse effects regarding food consumption, body weight gain, gross pathology, or other parameters. However, the open field tests showed a decrease in spontaneous activity (crossing and rearing) mainly at 48 h after treatment. The results suggest that S. guaraniticum extract is not acutely toxic, but causes alterations in central nervous system activity

A Full Rank Condition for Continuous-Time Optimization Problems with Equality and Inequality Constraints

ABSTRACT First and second order necessary optimality conditions of the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker type are established for continuous-time optimization problems with equality and inequality constraints. A full rank type regularity condition along with a uniform implicit function theorem are used in order to achieve such necessary conditions.RESUMO Condições necessárias do tipo Karush-Kuhn-Tucker de primeira e segunda ordens são estabelecidas para problemas de otimização com tempo contínuo com restrições de igualdade e desigualdade. Uma condição de regularidade tipo posto completo juntamente com um teorema da função implícita uniforme são usados com a finalidade de se alcançar tais condições necessárias de otimalidade.Universidade Federal de Uberlândia Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais do Pontal Câmpus de ItuiutabaUniversidade Estadual Paulista Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas Departamento de Matemática AplicadaUniversidade Estadual Paulista Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas Departamento de Matemática Aplicad

Anti-inflammatory and physicochemical characterization of the croton rhamnifolioides essential oil inclusion complex in β-cyclodextrin

Croton rhamnifolioides is used in popular medicine for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. The objective of this study was to characterize and evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of C. rhamnifolioides essential oil complexed in \u3b2-cyclodextrin (COEFC). The physicochemical characterization of the complexes was performed using different physical methods. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated in vivo by ear edema, paw edema, cotton pellet-induced granuloma, and vascular permeability by Evans blue extravasation. The mechanism of action was validated by molecular docking of the major constituent into the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2 enzyme). All doses of the COEFC reduced acute paw edema induced by carrageenan and dextran, as well as vascular permeability. Our results suggest the lowest effective dose of all samples inhibited the response induced by histamine or arachidonic acid as well as the granuloma formation. The complexation process showed that the pharmacological effects were maintained, however, showing similar results using much lower doses. The results demonstrated an involvement of the inhibition of pathways dependent on eicosanoids and histamine. Complexation of \u3b2-cyclodextrin/Essential oil (\u3b2-CD/EO) may present an important tool in the study of new compounds for the development of anti-inflammatory drugs