Model Kebijakan Penanggulangan Korupsi di Universitas Negeri YOGYAKARTA

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kebijakan Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta dalam menanggulangi korupsi dan menemukan model kebijakan yang diinginkan Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta dalam menanggulangi korupsi. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian survei dengan pendekatan kuantitatif dan kualitatif. Sampel penelitian ditentukan secara multy stage sampling dengan teknik pengumpulan data dengan angket, dokumen dan diperkuat dengan pengumpulan data melalui Focus Group Discussion (FGD), dan validasi instrumen melalui validitas isi (content validity). Data dianalisis secara deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kebijakan penanggulangan korupsi di UNY tidak ada secara khusus dikeluarkan. Kebijakan yang ada mengikuti dan mempertahankan kebijakan yang lebih tinggi, yaitu dari Pemerintah. Model kebijakan penangggulangan korupsi di UNY yang digunakan adalah Model Rasional, yaitu kebijakan penanggulangan korupsi yang dikeluarkan merupakan aspirasi semua staf yang ada di unit kerja dan harus menekankan pada aspek efisiensi atas beban kerja pada unit kerja yang bersangkutan. Adapun kebijakan yang sudah ada yang berasal dari Pemerintah pusat dijadikan pedoman

Antiretroviral-naive and -treated HIV-1 patients can harbour more resistant viruses in CSF than in plasma

Objectives The neurological disorders in HIV-1-infected patients remain prevalent. The HIV-1 resistance in plasma and CSF was compared in patients with neurological disorders in a multicentre study. Methods Blood and CSF samples were collected at time of neurological disorders for 244 patients. The viral loads were >50 copies/mL in both compartments and bulk genotypic tests were realized. Results On 244 patients, 89 and 155 were antiretroviral (ARV) naive and ARV treated, respectively. In ARV-naive patients, detection of mutations in CSF and not in plasma were reported for the reverse transcriptase (RT) gene in 2/89 patients (2.2%) and for the protease gene in 1/89 patients (1.1%). In ARV-treated patients, 19/152 (12.5%) patients had HIV-1 mutations only in the CSF for the RT gene and 30/151 (19.8%) for the protease gene. Two mutations appeared statistically more prevalent in the CSF than in plasma: M41L (P = 0.0455) and T215Y (P = 0.0455). Conclusions In most cases, resistance mutations were present and similar in both studied compartments. However, in 3.4% of ARV-naive and 8.8% of ARV-treated patients, the virus was more resistant in CSF than in plasma. These results support the need for genotypic resistance testing when lumbar puncture is performe

Origine et diversité génétique du virus de l'immunodéficience humaine : d'où vient-il, où va-t-il ?

Aujourd'hui, des infections SIV ont été décrites chez plus de 45 espèces de primates non humains. Les SIV les plus proches du VIH-1 sont le SIVcpz et le SIVgor, qui infectent naturellement les chimpanzés (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) et les gorilles (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) de l'Ouest de l'Afrique Centrale. Les SIVsmm retrouvés chez les mangabés enfumés (Cercocebus atys) d'Afrique de l'Ouest sont les plus proches du VIH-2. Actuellement, au moins 12 transmissions du singe à l'Homme ont été documentées, quatre à l'origine des quatre groupes du VIH-1 (groupes M, N, O et P) et huit ou neuf pour le VIH-2. Après transmission à l'Homme, le VIH-1 groupe M a commencé à se diversifier et est aujourd'hui divisé en neuf sous-types (A, B, C, D, F, G, H, J, K) et de nombreuses formes circulantes recombinantes (CRF). La plus grande diversité génétique du VIH- 1 M a été observée dans la partie occidentale de la République Démocratique du Congo (RDC). Les différents variants ont commencé à se propager dans le monde entier à partir de cette région et la distribution géographique hétérogène des sous-types/CRF est le résultat de différents effets fondateurs, liés à des facteurs démographiques ainsi qu'aux déplacements et migrations de populations. La diversité du VIH ne cesse d_augmenter du fait d'évènements de co-infections ou de surinfections mais également du fait de la sélection de souches résistantes au traitement antirétroviral

Drug resistance mutations of HIV type 1 non-B viruses to integrase inhibitors in treatment-naive patients from sub-Saharan countries and discordant interpretations

The routine use of integrase inhibitors in sub-Saharan Africa where HIV-1 non-B viruses predominate is limited, but evaluating their effectiveness on HIV-1 subtypes and CRFs that circulate in this region is essential. We here analyzed 97 integrase sequences from HIV-1 non-B-infected individuals from African countries. Using currently available interpretation algorithms (ANRS, FTIVdb, and Rega), we identified the presence of mutations at nine resistance-associated positions including L74M (3.1%), T97A (9.3%), K156N (2.1%), E157Q (5.2%), G163K (1.0%), T206S (48.5%), S230N (1.0%), D232N (1.0%), and R236K (1.0%). All but one (E157Q) were considered as accessory resistant mutation by the algorithms. E157Q identified in 5% of patients tested (5/97) was selected by the ANRS algorithm as a primary mutation, which alone can confer resistance to raltegravir. These results illustrated the need of further in vitro and clinical studies involving non-B viruses to better understand the real significance of observed mutations and harmonize interpretations

Relationship of CD4(+) T-cell counts and plasma HIV-1 RNA levels with serological HBeAg/anti-HBe patterns obtained in West-African HBV-HIV-1-co-infected children

HBeAg/anti-HBe and hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA from 34 HIV-1-infected children from Ivory Coast with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) were longitudinally analyzed according to CD4 and HIV-1 RNA. The mean CD4% value was significantly (p=0.03) lower in 59 (52.7%) samples showing a usual CHB (HBeAg-positive/anti-HBe-negative and HBV DNA-positive), as compared with 30 (26.8%) HBeAg-positive/anti-HBe-positive and HBV DNA-positive and 23 (20.5%) HBeAg-negative/anti-HBe-positive and HBV DNA-negative (15.1% vs. 18.5% and 20.0%). The mean HIV-1 RNA concentrations were significantly (p=0.01) higher in specimens HBV DNA-positive (4.47 and 4.30 log(10)/ml, respectively) vs. HBV DNA-negative (3.43 log(10)/ml). HIV-1 has a significant impact on CHB acquired in childhood

HBV and HCV prevalence and viraemia in HIV-positive and HIV-negative pregnant women in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire : the ANRS 1236 study

A retrospective survey estimating the prevalence of hepatitis viruses B (HBV) and C (HCV) was conducted on samples taken in 1,002 African pregnant women (501 diagnosed as HIV-1 positive and 501 HIV-1 negative) participating in a clinical trial program conducted in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire (West Africa). Hepatitis B markers studied were HBs antigen (HBsAg), and if positive, HBe antigen/anti-HBe antibodies and HBV DNA. Two third generation (G3) HCV enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) were used for primary HCV screening. All anti-HCV antibody-positive sera were assessed further with supplementary assays (one another G3 EIA, RIBA 3.0, and HCV RNA). HCV genotypes were also determined. HBsAg was found in a similar proportion among HIV-positive (45/499, 9.0%, 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 6.6-11.9) and HIV-negative (40/498,8.0%,95% CI, 5.8-10.8) women (P=0.58). The diagnosis of chronic hepatitis B, based on HBV DNA positive results, was more frequent in HIV-positive women (26.7%), compared to HIV-negative women (9.4%) (P=0.06). In the case of hepatitis C infection, after supplementary testing allowing the elimination of frequent false-positive screening results, a prevalence rate of about 1% was found, both in HIV-positive (6/501, 1.2%, 95% CI, 0.442.59) and HIV-negative (4/501, 0.8%, 95% CI, 0.22-2.03) women (P=0.53). Of the 10 samples confirmed positive and assessed for HCV RNA, eight (80%) were viraemic and belonged to HCV genotypes 1 or 2. The relative high frequency of HIV/HBV coinfection in Cote d'Ivoire emphasises the need for monitoring the risk of hepatotoxicity by antiretroviral therapy in such patients. We propose an accurate and cost-efficient algorithm for HCV diagnosis in Africa

Low prevalence of HIV Type 1 drug resistance mutations in untreated, recently infected patients from Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, Senegal, Thailand, and Vietnam : the ANRS 12134 study

The frequency of transmitted HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) was evaluated in the context of rapid scale-up of antiretroviral treatment in Thailand, Vietnam, Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, and Senegal by using an adaptation of the WHO generic protocol of the HIV Drug Resistance Threshold Survey (HIVDR-TS) for sample collection and classification. Resistance-associated mutations were interpreted using the 2009 WHO list for epidemiological surveys. We included 266 subjects from the five study sites. Of the 266 RT and PR sequences analyzed, two from Vietnam harbored virus with major drug resistance mutations (G190A in RT for one individual and M46I in PR for the second individual). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that CRF01_AE predominates (>90%) in Thailand and Vietnam. CRF02 (>65%) cocirculates with other HIV-1 variants in Senegal and Cote d'Ivoire. The prevalence of HIVDRM is scored as low (<= 5%) in all the five sites for the three drug classes analyzed. A continuous population survey for HIVDRM will provide a rational basis for maintaining or changing the current first line regimen in these countries

Prevalence of drug-resistant HIV-1 variants in untreated individuals in Europe : Implications for clinical management

Background. Infection with drug-resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) can impair the response to combination therapy. Widespread transmission of drug-resistant variants has the disturbing potential of limiting future therapy options and affecting the efficacy of postexposure prophylaxis. Methods. We determined the baseline rate of drug resistance in 2208 therapy-naive patients recently and chronically infected with HIV-1 from 19 European countries during 1996-2002. Results. In Europe, 1 of 10 antiretroviral-naive patients carried viruses with >= 1 drug-resistance mutation. Recently infected patients harbored resistant variants more often than did chronically infected patients (13.5% vs. 8.7%; P = .006). Non-B viruses (30%) less frequently carried resistance mutations than did subtype B viruses (4.8% vs. 12.9%;). Baseline resistance increased over time in newly diagnosed cases of non-B infection: from P <.01 2.0% (1/49) in 1996-1998 to 8.2% (16/194) in 2000-2001. Conclusions. Drug-resistant variants are frequently present in both recently and chronically infected therapy-naive patients. Drug-resistant variants are most commonly seen in patients infected with subtype B virus, probably because of longer exposure of these viruses to drugs. However, an increase in baseline resistance in non-B viruses is observed. These data argue for testing all drug-naive patients and are of relevance when guidelines for management of postexposure prophylaxis and first-line therapy are updated