UV-VIS spectral evaluation of CR-39 detector exposed with diagnostic dosage

The effects of the X-ray irradiation and chemical etching on the physical and optical properties of CR-39 plastic detectors were investigated for different doses of X-ray. CR-39 detectors were etched in the solution of the 3 M of NaOH after irradiation for revelations of the track. The tracks formed on CR-39 either by irradiated X-ray or due to the effect of environment. The changes in the thickness after exposed have significant decrease in 60 kVp and started to increase in the range of 70 kVp up to 100 kVp due to the formation of oxidation layer on surface by free radicals. The optical band gaps before etching and after etching were determined by using Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy. The optical band gap is attributed to the indirect transition due to its amorphous nature which is significantly decline trend energy in increase of the energy fluence of radiation. The Urbach’s energy, is defined as the width of the tail localized states in the forbidden band gap which change increment trend as increase in dose delivered due to the distortion structure of the CR-39 in terms of the electron charges in valences electron hence attributes to the induced modification of angle bond between the neighboring atoms

Impact of Al2O3 and Dy2O3 substitution on the physical, structural and radiation shielding properties of Li2O-B2O3 glass system

A new series of lithium-borate glass systems (23Li2O-72B2O3 in mol%) were synthesized with the substitution of Al2O3 (5 mol.%) as a modifier and doped with 0.3 and 0.5 mol% of Dy2O3. Four series of glasses (S1, S2, S3 and S4) were synthesized via the conventional melt-quenching technique and characterized by using UV-Visible-NIR absorption spectrometer and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The current investigation gives further insight on the structural and optical properties of the samples. The diffraction spectrum obtained from the X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis shows no typical peaks in the glass system, which indicates its amorphous phase. The optical properties of Al3+ and Dy3+ ions were evaluated and found that there is a pivot effect for the addition of Al2O3 and Dy2O3 for the glass system. Notably, the sample S2 shows different behaviours for physical, structural, and optical properties compared with other prepared glass samples that can be attributed to the increment of Al2O3. Besides, the physical and ionizing shielding features were investigated for current glass samples. The radiation shielding properties were examined within the energy range of 0.015 until 15 MeV. The sample S4 has the optimum radiation shielding features as a result of the addition of Dy2O3. Hence, the composition attributes a new glass system that can be used in various applications such as radiation dosimeter and photon shielding materials

Q-switched fiber laser based on CdS quantum dots as a saturable absorber

In this work, a Q-switched fiber laser is demonstrated using quantum dots (QDs) cadmium sulfide (CdS) as a saturable absorber (SA) in an erbium-doped fiber laser (EDFL) system. The QD CdS is synthesized via the microwave hydrothermal assisted method and embedded into polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The QD CdS/PVA matrix film is sandwiched in between two fiber ferrules by a fiber adapter. The generation of Q-switched fiber laser having a repetition rate, a pulse width, and a peak-topeak pulse duration of 75.19 kHz, 1.27 μs, and 13.32 μs, respectively. The maximum output power of 3.82 mW and maximum pulse energy of 50.8 nJ are obtained at the maximum pump power of 145.9 mW. The proposed design may add to the alternative material of Q-switched fiber laser generation, which gives a high stability output performance by using quantum dots material as a saturable absorber

Role of Nd3+ nanoparticles on enhanced optical efficiency in borotellurite glass for optical fiber

The main problem of commercial silicate glass fiber is its high-loss and weak optical efficiency. It is very important to produce non-silicate glass fiber with low-loss and high optical efficiency. In this work, low-loss and high optical efficiency of Nd3+ nanoparticles doped borotellurite glass had been produced. The analysis of FTIR spectra shows the presence of functional vibration of tellurite network. The refractive index of borotellurite glass was enhanced in between 1.947 and 2.045 with the increment of Nd3+ nanoparticles. Several excitation bands within UV–Vis range due to the effect of Nd3+ nanoparticles was perceived originating from the ground state 4I9/2 to the excited states 2P3/2, 4G7/2, 4G5/2, 4F9/2, 4F7/2, 4F5/2 and 4F3/2. The glass system shows tendency towards semiconducting behavior as the value of Fermi energy, EF decreases. The high intensity of red emission was found from Nd3+ nanoparticles doped borotellurite glass. Hence, this Nd3+ nanoparticles doped borotellurite glass has immense potential for the development of fiber amplifiers and lasers. Keywords: Borotellurite glass, Neodymium nanoparticles, Rare-earth oxid

Optical properties of lithium borate glass (Li2O)x (B2O3)1-x

A series of (Li2O)x(B2O3)1-x has been synthesized with mole fraction x=0.10, 0.15,0.20,0.25 and 0.30 mol% using melt quenching method. The structure of the glass system was determined by FTIR and X-ray diffraction. The density and molar volume were determined and the density increases with Li2O content whereas molar volume decreases with Li2O. Refractive index of glass samples were measured by ellipsometer. Refractive index increases with increase of Li2O. The absorption spectra of the studied glass showed that position of fundamental absorption edge shifts to longer wavelength with Li2O. Optical band gap varies from 0.10 to 2.22 eV and Urbach energy varies from 2.91 to 1.55 eV. The variation in optical band gap and Urbach energy were due to the variation in the glass structure

Optical basicity and electronic polarizability of zinc borotellurite glass doped La3+ ions

Zinc borotellurite glasses doped with lanthanum oxide were successfully prepared through melt-quenching technique. The amorphous nature of the glass system was validated by the presence of a broad hump in the XRD result. The refractive index of the prepared glass samples was calculated by using the equation proposed by Dimitrov and Sakka. The theoretical value of molar refraction, electronic polarizability, oxide ion polarizability and metallization criterion were calculated by using Lorentz-Lorenz equation. Meanwhile, expression proposed by Duffy and Ingram for the theoretical value of optical basicity of multi-component glasses were applied to obtain energy band gap based optical basicity and refractive index based optical basicity. The optical basicity of prepared glasses decreased with the increasing concentration of lanthanum oxide. Metallization criterion on the basis of refractive index showed an increasing trend while energy band gap based metallization criterion showed a decreasing trend. The small metallization criterion values of the glass samples represent that the width of the conduction band becomes larger which increase the tendency for metallization of the glasses. The results obtained indicates that the fabricated glasses have high potential to be applied on optical limiting devices in photonic field. Keywords: Borotellurite glasses, Refractive index, Electronic polarizability, Oxide ion polarizability, Optical basicity, Metallization criterio

Effect of PbO on the elastic behavior of ZnO–P2O5 glass systems

A series of ternary phosphate glasses in the form of 40(P2O5)–(60 − x)ZnO–xPbO and 50(P2O5)–(50 − x)ZnO–xPbO where x = 0–60 mol%, have been successfully prepared by conventional melt quenching technique. Both longitudinal and shear ultrasonic velocities were measured in different compositions of PbO using the MBS8000 ultrasonic data acquisition system at 10 MHz frequency and at room temperature. The ultrasonic velocity data, the density and the calculated elastic moduli are found to be composition dependent and discussed in terms of PbO modifiers. The correlation of elastic moduli with the atomic packing density of these glasses was discussed. To predict the compositional dependence of elastic moduli of this glass system, the interpretation of the variation in the experimental elastic behavior observed has been studied based on various of the bond compression and the Makishima–Mackenzie models. Keywords: Elastic moduli, Glasses, Zinc phosphate, Bond compression, Makishima–Mackenzie model

Utilizing mollusk soft tissue and shells as biomarkers for monitoring heavy metal pollution in mangrove forests

The primary objective of the study was to examine the distribution of various elements, namely Cadmium (Cd), Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe), Nickel (Ni), and Lead (Pb), in the soft tissues, shells, and associated surface sediments of Cerithidea obtusa (C. obtusa) mangrove snails collected from Sungai Besar Sepang. To conduct the analysis, the preferred and most convenient methods employed were Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA) and Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). The results showed that the mean concentration of elements in the sediments and soft tissues followed the order Fe > Cu > Ni > Pb > Cd, while for the shell of C. obtusa, it was Fe > Ni > Cu > Pb > Cd. • Iron (Fe) showed the highest concentration among all elements monitored in sediments, soft tissues, and shells of C. obtusa. • The PF results indicated higher incorporation of Pb and Ni into shells. • BSAF results showed that C. obtusa shells accumulated more Cu and Cd from sediments, making them effective biomonitors

The effect of manganese IV oxide doping on the optical and elastic properties of calcium borate glass derived from waste chicken eggshell

The extraction of CaO from waste eggshell can be used to produce new product known as calcium borate glass doped manganese (IV) oxide. A tertiary (B2O3)0.6 [(CaO)0.4]1-x (MnO2)x glass system with 0.010 ≥ x ≥ 0 M fraction were prepared using conventional melt-quenching technique. XRF spectroscopy confirms CaO as the main constituent in the calcined eggshell. XRD spectra unveils the two amorphous humps of the glass samples. FTIR analysis reveals the typical features of CaCO3 and B2O3 network. The density has opposite behaviour with molar volume as MnO2 content increases. Next, the optical band gap and refractive index are evidencing the formation of non-bridging oxygen in the glass matrix. The present glass system also has low polarizability, acidic in nature and have tendency to metallizing. The elastic properties of glass samples were determined using the ultrasonic technique. Elastic moduli such as longitudinal modulus, shear modulus, Young's modulus, bulk modulus, Poisson's ratio and hardness of the glass system were discussed

Linear and nonlinear optical properties of Gd3+ doped zinc borotellurite glasses for all-optical switching applications

In this work, linear and nonlinear optical parameters of zinc borotellurite glasses doped with Gd3+ have been studied for all-optical switching applications. A series of gadolinium zinc borotellurite glasses were synthesized by using conventional melt quenching technique. Optical absorption spectra were recorded by UV–vis spectroscopy. From the optical absorption spectra, the cut-off wavelength, optical band gap, Urbach energy and refractive index have been determined and are related to the structural changes in the glass systems. The nonlinear optical properties of Gd3+ doped glasses are investigated by using Z-scan technique. The values of nonlinear refractive index and absorption coefficient with closed and opened apertures of the Z-scan, respectively, were determined for proper utilization in nonlinear optical devices. Keywords: Gadolinium, Rare earth, Borotellurite glass, Optical band gap, Refractive index, Nonlinear optical propertie