e money opportunities for quick payments and risks of their use for illegal purposes

E-money is widely used in cross-border commercial relations. It can increase the speed and cut cost of payments for business. At the same time e-money can be used for laundering funds gained by criminal ways and for terrorism financing. FATF member-states use provisions of the legislation about fighting criminal incomes' legalization in respect to e-money issuers. These countries also underline that special risk for criminal incomes' legalization can be caused by anonymous money and pre-paid cards. Therefore, many countries fix in their national laws measures that ensure realization of risk-oriented approach directed at minimizing risks of money laundering and terrorism financing. For example, the EU develops amendments to the directive aiming at elimination of risks dealing with use of e-money and pre-paid cards for legalizing criminal incomes. The authors propose measures aimed at improvement of legislation about fighting money laundering and terrorism financing to minimize respective risks in using e-money. At the same time the necessity to develop conditions for extending possibilities of remote identification was pointed out, as it was envisaged by the program 'Digital Economics of the Russian Federation'

Алгоритм выбора препаратов для таргетной антимикробной терапии на основе результатов молекулярно-биологических исследований положительных культур крови

   Cardinal changes in approaches to the choice of antimicrobial therapy for severe infections have occurred in recent years. They are associated with the growth of antibiotic resistance of nosocomial pathogens and the lack of sufficiently effective «universal» schemes of empirical antibiotic therapy. Recent international and domestic recommendations focus on a «pathogen-specific» approach aimed at the treatment of infections caused by specific problematic resistant pathogens. The application of such «pathogen-specific» recommendations is not possible without the availability of appropriate quality microbiological data. The further evolution of diagnostic methods is directed creating test systems that allow detecting the main pathogens of infection and the most important antibiotic resistance genes, allowing to reduce the time from the moment of taking clinical material for microbiological examination to obtaining the result that affects the choice of antibiotic therapy regimen. The review contains practical recommendations on the choice of drugs for targeted antimicrobial therapy based on the clinical interpretation of the results obtained using the «hyperplex» panel BioFire BCID2 (Blood Culture Identification 2BCID2), taking into account the statements set out in the guidelines «Diagnosis and antimicrobial therapy for infections caused by polyresistant strains of microorganisms».   В последние годы произошли кардинальные изменения в подходах к выбору антимикробной терапии при тяжелых инфекциях, связанные с дальнейшим ростом антибиотикорезистентности нозокомиальных патогенов и отсутствием достаточно эффективных «универсальных» схем эмпирической антибиотикотерапии. Последние международные и отечественные рекомендации ориентируются на «патогенспецифичный» подход, направленный на лечение инфекций, вызванных конкретными проблемными резистентными возбудителями. Применение таких «патоген-специфичных» рекомендаций невозможно без наличия соответствующих качественных микробиологических данных. Дальнейшая эволюция методов диагностики идет в направлении создания тест-систем, позволяющих детектировать основные возбудители инфекции и наиболее важные гены антибиотикорезистентности, сокращающие время от момента взятия клинического материала для микробиологического исследования до получения результата, влияющего на выбор режима антибиотикотерапии. В статье представлены практические рекомендации по выбору препаратов для таргетной антимикробной терапии на основе клинической интерпретации результатов, получаемых при использовании «гиперплексной» панели BioFire BCID2 (Blood Culture Identification 2BCID2) с учетом положений, изложенных в методических рекомендациях «Диагностика и антимикробная терапия инфекций, вызванных полирезистентными штаммами микроорганизмов»

Study of a novel type of the optical modes in VCSELs

We study novel side-emitting modes in VCSEL microcavities. These modes correspond to π-shaped propagation along the mesa diameter, reflection from angled mesa walls and bottom Bragg reflector. We believe this study of π-modes is important for optimization of VCSEL design for improvement of efficiency

Effectiveness of Disinsection and Deratization in Gorno-Altai High-Mountain Natural Plague Focus

Epidemic complications in the territory of Gorno-Altai high-mountain natural plague focus, associated with increase in numbers of carriers and vectors of the dangerous diseases, entailed strengthening of preventive element in the system of epidemiological surveillance. Objective of the study was to assess the efficiency of disinsection and deratization during anti-epidemic campaign. Materials and methods. Investigations were performed in 2014-2017 in the territory of Kosh-Agach district of the Republic of Altai, based on the archival and operational records from Altai Plague Control Station, Rospotrebnadzor Administration in the Republic of Altai, and our own data. “Interactive Map on Management of Health Promotion Measures in Gorno-Altai high-mountain natural plague focus” was used as an assessment tool. Results and conclusions. The most hard-hitting sections of preventive complex as regards plague are still disinsection and deratization. Application of advanced methods and means of control over numbers of carriers and vectors of the infection testify to their high anti-epidemic effectiveness. Insecticide and rodenticide treatments of encampments situated in epizootic areas, disinsection and deratization in major population centers in the territory of the focus allowed for the reduction in risk of population infection. Technical efficiency of the field disinsection amounted to 96.7 %, community deratization and disinsection varied from 91.6 to 100 %. Emergency insecticide and rodent treatments in epizootic areas alongside other measures provided for epidemiological welfare on plague

Generation of π modes in semiconductor vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers

We have theoretically and experimentally studied optical emission from the side faces of mesa structures for vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs). The results of spatially resolved spectral measurements show that a new type of lasing modes is found in VCSELs with circular mesa structures, which corresponds to the π mode propagation along the mesa diameter with reflection from the sloped walls and the bottom Bragg mirror