Tawuran antar pelajar: penelitian di SMK Diponegoro Kecamatan Ploso dan SMK Dwijaya Bhakti Jombang

Ada dua persoalan yang dikaji dalam penelitian ini, yaitu: (1) Faktor apa saja yang menyebabkan terjadinya aksi tawuran antar pelajar di SMK Diponegoro Kecamatan Ploso dan SMK Dwijaya Bhakti Jombang; (2) Faktor apa yang paling dominan yang meyebabkan terjadinya tawuran antar pelajar. Adapun tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui apa saja faktor-faktor penyebab terjadinya tawuran antar pelajar dan faktor yang paing dominan penyebab terjadinya tawuran antar pelajar. Untuk mengungkap persoalan tersebut secara menyeluruh dan mendalam maka dalam penelitian ini menggunakan metode analisis deskriptif yang bersifat kualitatif dalam menganalisis data-data yang diperoleh dilapangan melalui observasi, interview dan dokumentasi. Kemudian data tersebut dianalisis dengan dasar teori Konflik Lewis A. Coser tentang adanya konflik yang dapat menimbulkan dampak positif terhadap kelompok dalam. Hal ini dimaksudkan adanya konflik yang dapat meningkatkan rasa solidaritas clan kebersamaan antara satu dengan yang lain karena faktor lingkungan keseharian mereka yang mengharuskan untuk ikut terlibat kedalam aksi tawuran antar pelajar, mereka bersatu untuk melindungi kelompok mereka dari siapapun yang mengganggu dan menyakiti anggota dalam kelompok yang sudah mereka bentuk. Dari hasil penelitian ini ditemukan bahwa (I) Faktor penyebab terjadinya tawuran antar pelajar adalah faktor lingkungan dan pergaulan, faktor membela teman, faktor balas dendam, faktor keluarga serta pengaruh perubahan zaman (2) Dari beberapa faktor yang telah dikemukakan faktor lingkungan merupakan faktor yang paling dominan dan paling berpangaruh terhadap terjadinya tawuran antar pelajar, karena baik dan buruknya tingkah laku remaja semua itu tidak akan lepas dari lingkungan tempat mereka beradaptasi dan menghabiskan waktu kesehariannya dengan teman-teman mereka

Data from: Reproductive character displacement shapes a spatially structured petal color polymorphism in Leavenworthia stylosa

Character displacement is a potentially important process driving trait evolution and species diversification. Floral traits may experience character displacement in response to pollinator-mediated competition (ecological character displacement) or the risk of forming hybrids with reduced fitness (reproductive character displacement). We test these and alternative hypotheses to explain a yellow-white petal color polymorphism in Leavenworthia stylosa, where yellow morphs are spatially associated with a white-petaled congener (L. exigua) that produces hybrids with complete pollen sterility. A reciprocal transplant experiment found limited evidence of local adaptation of yellow color morphs via increased survival and seed set. Pollinator observations revealed that Leavenworthia attract various pollinators that generally favor white petals and exhibit color constancy. Pollen limitation experiments showed that yellow petals do not alleviate competition for pollination. Interspecific pollinator movements were infrequent and low hybridization rates (∼0.40% - 0.85%) were found in each morph, with natural rates likely being lower. Regardless, hybridization rates were significantly higher in white morphs of L. stylosa, yielding a small selection coefficient of s = 0.0042 against this phenotype in sympatry with L. exigua. These results provide support for reproductive character displacement as a mechanism contributing to the pattern of petal color polymorphism in L. stylosa

Data from: Costs of selfing prevent the spread of a self-compatibility mutation that causes reproductive assurance

In flowering plants, shifts from outcrossing to partial or complete self-fertilization have occurred independently thousands of times, yet the underlying adaptive processes are difficult to discern. Selfing’s ability to provide reproductive assurance when pollination is uncertain is an oft-cited ecological explanation for its evolution, but this benefit may be outweighed by genetic costs diminishing its selective advantage over outcrossing. We directly studied the fitness effects of a self-compatibility (SC) mutation that was backcrossed into a self-incompatible (SI) population of Leavenworthia alabamica, illuminating the direction and magnitude of selection on the mating-system modifier. In array experiments conducted in two years, SC plants produced 17-26% more seed, but this advantage was counteracted by extensive seed discounting -- the replacement of high-quality outcrossed seeds by selfed seeds. Using a simple model and simulations, we demonstrate that SC mutations with these attributes rarely spread to high frequency in natural populations, unless inbreeding depression falls below a threshold value (0.57 ≤ threshold ≤ 0.70) in SI populations. A combination of heavy seed discounting and moderate inbreeding depression likely explains why outcrossing adaptations such as self-incompatibility are maintained generally, despite persistent input of selfing mutations and frequent limits on outcross seed production in nature

Locus

This file contains functions called by the C++ code, main.cpp

Individual.h

This file contains functions called by the C++ code, main.cpp

main.cpp

C++ code that simulates the S-locus and 1000 unlinked loci causing inbreeding depression. Self-incompatible populations reach a mutation-selection-drift equilibrium, whereupon a SC mutation invades. The final frequency of the SC mutation is then tabulated

Pollinator Observations Data

This workbook contains the raw data from observations of pollinators in both two-species (sheet 1) and one-species (sheet 2) arrays. It also includes the visitation rates (visits/flower/hour) of pollinators for each observation session (sheet 3) given the number of open flowers at the time. This data was used to evaluate heterogeneity of preference between pollinator groups, differences in pollinator assemblages between yellow and white sites, differences in visitation to white and yellow flowers across sites, and floral constancy both within and between species

2014+2015 Greenhouse data

Floral trait data measured on plants in controlled glasshouses in 2014 and 2015. Plants are coded by family of origin and S-locus genotype. Forced self pollinations permitted measures of self-compatibility, and estimates of autonomous fruit set are also included

S-locus genotyping 2015

Information on the S-locus genotype of plants, assayed with SSCP (single-strand conformation polymorphism). Within each family, we adopted a convention for scoring the 4 possible genotypes. A = Lal2-a2/Lal2-a2 homozygote (SC plant); D = Si/Sj heterozygote (SI plant). B and C denote plants that are heterozygous for the Lal2-a2 mutation (these plants were not used). We also post here the total numbers of A,B,C, and D genotypes in each family in 2014 and 2015

Fragment Analysis 2015

Progeny array data for plants in the 2015 experimental arrays, in MLTR format. Plants were genotyped at 6 hypervariable microsatellite markers. Maternal plants are denoted with (!). These data were also used for paternity inference, following conversion to the Cervus file format