Factors affecting ChatGPT use in education employing TAM: A Jordanian universities’ perspective

The widespread adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies, including ChatGPT, into education, has become a focal point of attention in recent years. This research explores the connections among perceived usefulness (PU), perceived ease of use (PEOU), attitude toward using ChatGPT (ATUC), and intention to use ChatGPT (ITUC) within Jordanian universities. A survey was employed to gather information from 523 university students in Jordan, and the hypotheses were examined using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The findings revealed that perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use positively impacted attitude toward using ChatGPT and intention to use ChatGPT. Attitude toward using ChatGPT positively impacted intention to use ChatGPT. Implications from this research are crucial to provide developers, instructors, and institutions in Jordan with useful information to help them successfully incorporate ChatGPT into the educational process

INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN AND ASSESSMENT Development and Evaluation of a Required Patient Safety Course

Objectives. To develop, implement, and assess a required patient safety course for second-year doctor of pharmacy students. Design. A patient safety course was developed that included didactic lectures, case studies, in-class activities, and reading assignments. Written examinations and essays were used to evaluate student learning. In addition, a modified minute paper and a pre-and post-intervention student self-assessment survey were used to assess course outcomes. Assessment. Results examining the utility of the course teaching format and the relevance of the material in meeting the course outcomes are presented and discussed. The self-assessment course survey indicated major improvements in the students' knowledge and skills, readiness for knowledge application, and commitment to improve patient safety. Conclusion. The course provided pharmacy students with an increased level of understanding of the principles and concepts of patient safety

Most lymphoid organ dendritic cell types are phenotypically and functionally immature

Dendritic cells (DCs) have been thought to follow a life history, typified by Langerhans cells (LCs), with 2 major developmental stages: an immature stage that captures antigens in the periphery and a mature stage that presents those antigens in the lymphoid organs. However, a systematic assessment of the maturity of lymphoid organ DCs has been lacking. We have analyzed the maturity of the DC types found in the steady state in the spleen, lymph nodes (LNs), and thymus. The DCs that migrate into the iliac, mesenteric, mediastinal, or subcutaneous LNs from peripheral tissues were mature and therefore could not process and present newly encountered antigens. However, all the other DC types were phenotypically and functionally immature: they expressed low levels of surface major histocompatibility complex class 11 (MHC 11) and CD86, accumulated MHC 11 in their endosomes, and could present newly encountered antigens. These immature DCs could 1346 induced to mature by culture in vitro or by Inoculation of inflammatory stimuli in vivo. Therefore, the lymphoid organs contain a large cohort of immature DCs, most likely for the maintenance of peripheral tolerance, which can respond to infections reaching those organs and mature in situ. (C) 2003 by The American Society of Hematology

The dominant role of CD8(+) dendritic cells in cross-presentation is not dictated by antigen capture

Mouse spleens contain three populations of conventional (CD11c(high)) dendritic cells (DCs) that play distinct functions. The CD8(+) DC are unique in that they can present exogenous antigens on their MHC class I molecules, a process known as cross-presentation. It is unclear whether this special ability is because only the CD8(+) DC can capture the antigens used in cross-presentation assays, or because this is the only DC population that possesses specialized machinery for cross-presentation. To solve this important question we examined the splenic DC subsets for their ability to both present via MHC class II molecules and cross-present via MHC class I using four different forms of the model antigen ovalbumin (OVA). These forms include a cell-associated form, a soluble form, OVA expressed in bacteria, or OVA bound to latex beads. With the exception of bacterial antigen, which was poorly cross-presented by all DC, all antigenic forms were cross-presented much more efficiently by the CD8(+) DC. This pattern could not be attributed simply to a difference in antigen capture because all DC subsets presented the antigen via MHC class II. Indeed, direct assessments of endocytosis showed that CD8(+) and CD8(−) DC captured comparable amounts of soluble and bead-associated antigen, yet only the CD8(+) DC cross-presented these antigenic forms. Our results indicate that cross-presentation requires specialized machinery that is expressed by CD8(+) DC but largely absent from CD8(−) DC. This conclusion has important implications for the design of vaccination strategies based on antigen targeting to DC