Analyse du profil protéique chez des vaches zébus Gobra artificiellement inséminées au Sénégal

L’objectif de cette étude a été d’analyser le profil protéique des vaches artificiellement inséminées en fonction de leur statut physiologique. Des prélèvements de sang ont été effectués sur 81 vaches inséminées de race zébu Gobra à J0, J21 et J35 post insémination. La protéinémie a été évaluée à J35 post insémination. L’électrophorèse des protéines sériques a été mise en oeuvre sur tous les échantillons. Le diagnostic de gestation a été réalisé par dosage de la progestérone, des protéines associées à la gestation et la palpation transrectale à J60 après l’insémination artificielle (IA). Au total, 47% des vaches étaient gestantes, 26% ont présentées des mortalités embryonnaires tardives (MET) et 27% étaient non gestantes à J60 après l’IA. Le rapport albumine sur globuline (A/G) était significativement différent (p < 0,05) entre les vaches non gestantes et celles ayant subi des pertes embryonnaires. Chez les vaches ayant avorté, les fractions de gammaglobulines étaient significativement plus élevées que chez les vaches gestantes (p < 0,05). Par conséquent, des causes infectieuses seraient responsables de ces pertes embryonnaires. Un accent particulier doit être mis ces MET en vu d’élucider les causes et limiter les pertes économiques car, en absence de subvention, le coût de l’IA reste élevé pour l’éleveur africain.Mots clés: Profil protéique, électrophorèse, insémination artificielle, zébu Gobra, Sénégal

Clinical Manifestations of an Outbreak of Monkeypox Virus in Captive Chimpanzees in Cameroon, 2016

Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is a re-emerging virus of global concern. An outbreak of Clade I MPXV affected 20 captive chimpanzees in Cameroon in 2016. We describe the epidemiology, virology, phylogenetics, and clinical progression of this outbreak. Clinical signs included exanthema, facial swelling, peri-laryngeal swelling, and eschar. Mpox can be lethal in captive chimpanzees with death likely resulting from respiratory complications. We advise avoiding anesthesia in animals with respiratory signs to reduce the likelihood of death. This outbreak presented a risk to animal care staff. There is a need for increased awareness and a One Health approach to preparation for outbreaks in wildlife rescue centers in primate range states where MPXV occurs. Control measures should include quarantining affected animals, limiting human contacts, surveillance of humans and animals, use of personal protective equipment, and regular decontamination of enclosures.</p

Socializing One Health: an innovative strategy to investigate social and behavioral risks of emerging viral threats

In an effort to strengthen global capacity to prevent, detect, and control infectious diseases in animals and people, the United States Agency for International Development’s (USAID) Emerging Pandemic Threats (EPT) PREDICT project funded development of regional, national, and local One Health capacities for early disease detection, rapid response, disease control, and risk reduction. From the outset, the EPT approach was inclusive of social science research methods designed to understand the contexts and behaviors of communities living and working at human-animal-environment interfaces considered high-risk for virus emergence. Using qualitative and quantitative approaches, PREDICT behavioral research aimed to identify and assess a range of socio-cultural behaviors that could be influential in zoonotic disease emergence, amplification, and transmission. This broad approach to behavioral risk characterization enabled us to identify and characterize human activities that could be linked to the transmission dynamics of new and emerging viruses. This paper provides a discussion of implementation of a social science approach within a zoonotic surveillance framework. We conducted in-depth ethnographic interviews and focus groups to better understand the individual- and community-level knowledge, attitudes, and practices that potentially put participants at risk for zoonotic disease transmission from the animals they live and work with, across 6 interface domains. When we asked highly-exposed individuals (ie. bushmeat hunters, wildlife or guano farmers) about the risk they perceived in their occupational activities, most did not perceive it to be risky, whether because it was normalized by years (or generations) of doing such an activity, or due to lack of information about potential risks. Integrating the social sciences allows investigations of the specific human activities that are hypothesized to drive disease emergence, amplification, and transmission, in order to better substantiate behavioral disease drivers, along with the social dimensions of infection and transmission dynamics. Understanding these dynamics is critical to achieving health security--the protection from threats to health-- which requires investments in both collective and individual health security. Involving behavioral sciences into zoonotic disease surveillance allowed us to push toward fuller community integration and engagement and toward dialogue and implementation of recommendations for disease prevention and improved health security

Socializing One Health: an innovative strategy to investigate social and behavioral risks of emerging viral threats

In an effort to strengthen global capacity to prevent, detect, and control infectious diseases in animals and people, the United States Agency for International Development’s (USAID) Emerging Pandemic Threats (EPT) PREDICT project funded development of regional, national, and local One Health capacities for early disease detection, rapid response, disease control, and risk reduction. From the outset, the EPT approach was inclusive of social science research methods designed to understand the contexts and behaviors of communities living and working at human-animal-environment interfaces considered high-risk for virus emergence. Using qualitative and quantitative approaches, PREDICT behavioral research aimed to identify and assess a range of socio-cultural behaviors that could be influential in zoonotic disease emergence, amplification, and transmission. This broad approach to behavioral risk characterization enabled us to identify and characterize human activities that could be linked to the transmission dynamics of new and emerging viruses. This paper provides a discussion of implementation of a social science approach within a zoonotic surveillance framework. We conducted in-depth ethnographic interviews and focus groups to better understand the individual- and community-level knowledge, attitudes, and practices that potentially put participants at risk for zoonotic disease transmission from the animals they live and work with, across 6 interface domains. When we asked highly-exposed individuals (ie. bushmeat hunters, wildlife or guano farmers) about the risk they perceived in their occupational activities, most did not perceive it to be risky, whether because it was normalized by years (or generations) of doing such an activity, or due to lack of information about potential risks. Integrating the social sciences allows investigations of the specific human activities that are hypothesized to drive disease emergence, amplification, and transmission, in order to better substantiate behavioral disease drivers, along with the social dimensions of infection and transmission dynamics. Understanding these dynamics is critical to achieving health security--the protection from threats to health-- which requires investments in both collective and individual health security. Involving behavioral sciences into zoonotic disease surveillance allowed us to push toward fuller community integration and engagement and toward dialogue and implementation of recommendations for disease prevention and improved health security

Unveiling the landscape of resistance against high priority critically important antimicrobials in food-producing animals across Africa: A scoping review.

The rapid population growth in Africa is associated with an increasing demand for livestock products which in turn can lead to antimicrobial use. Antimicrobial usage in animals contributes to the emergence and selection of resistant bacteria which constitutes a serious public health threat. This study aims to review and summarize the available information on highest priority critically important antimicrobials (HPCIAs) resistance in livestock production in Africa. This work will help to inform future policies for controlling antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the food production chain. A scoping review was conducted according to the Cochrane handbook and following PRISMA 2020 guidelines for reporting. Primary research studies published after 1999 and reporting resistance of Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp, and Campylobacter spp to HPCIAs in poultry, cattle, pigs, goats, and sheep in Africa were searched in four databases. A total of 312 articles were included in the review. The majority of the studies (40.7) were conducted in North African countries. More than 49.0% of included studies involved poultry and 26.2% cattle. Cephalosporins and quinolones were the most studied antimicrobial classes. Of the bacteria investigated in the current review, E. coli (41.7%) and Salmonella spp (24.9%) represented the most commonly studied. High levels of resistance against erythromycin in E. coli were found in poultry (MR 96.1%, IQR 83.3-100.0%), cattle (MR 85.7%, IQR 69.2-100.0%), and pigs (MR 94.0%, IQR 86.2-94.0%). In sheep, a high level of resistance was observed in E. coli against nalidixic acid (MR 87.5%, IQR 81.3-93.8%). In goats, the low level of sensibility was noted in S. aureus against streptomycin (MR 86.8%, IQR 19.4-99.0%). The study provides valuable information on HPCIAs resistance in livestock production in Africa and highlights the need for further research and policies to address the public health risk of AMR. This will likely require an investment in diagnostic infrastructure across the continent. Awareness on the harmful impact of AMR in African countries is a requirement to produce more effective and sustainable measures to curb AMR

Interpretation Criteria for Comparative Intradermal Tuberculin Test for Diagnosis of Bovine Tuberculosis in Cattle in Maroua Area of Cameroon

Intradermal tuberculin test (TST) is the choice method for diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis (Tb) in live animals. This work was done to assess the performance of single intradermal comparative cervical tuberculin (SICCT) test in randomly selected cattle in Maroua, Cameroon, against detection of Tb lesions and detection of Tb lesions plus acid fast bacilli in lesions. While 22.28% of slaughtered cattle presented Tb lesions at meat inspection, detection rates of anti-bovine-Tb antibody, Tb lesions, and Tb lesions plus acid fast bacilli were 68.57%, 32.95%, and 22.35%, respectively. SICCT-bovine-Tb positive cattle were 35.29%, 29.41%, 25.88%, 24.7%, and 21.18% at ≥2 mm, ≥2.5 mm, ≥3 mm, ≥3.5 mm, and ≥4 mm cut-offs, respectively. Higher sensitivity and predictive values were obtained at severe interpretations. The best performance was at ≥3 mm and ≥3.5 mm cut-offs. Against detection of Tb lesions, ≥3 mm and ≥3.5 mm showed sensitivity of 67.8% and specificity of 94.7% and 96.5%, respectively. For detection of Tb lesions accompanied with acid fast bacilli in lesions, ≥3 mm and ≥3.5 mm showed sensitivity of 89.4% and specificity of 92.4% and 93.9%, respectively. These findings revealed that interpretations of SICCT-bovine-Tb should be at ≥3 mm and/or ≥3.5 mm cut-offs. Severe interpretation of TST is essential for optimal diagnosis of bovine Tb in cattle in Maroua, Cameroon

Seroprevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Brucellosis among Indigenous Cattle in the Adamawa and North Regions of Cameroon

A cross-sectional seroprevalence study was conducted on cattle in the North and Adamawa Regions of Cameroon to investigate the status of bovine brucellosis and identify potential risk factors. The diagnosis was carried out using the Rose Bengal Plate test (RBPT) and indirect ELISA (i-ELISA), while questionnaires were used to evaluate risk factors for bovine brucellosis in cattle. The Bayesian approach was used to evaluate the diagnostic tests’ sensitivity and specificity. The overall individual level (n=1031) and herd level (n=82) seroprevalence were 5.4% (0.4–10.5) and 25.6% (16.2–35.0), respectively. Bayesian analysis revealed sensitivity of 58.3% (26.4–92.7) and 89.6% (80.4–99.4) and specificity of 92.1% (88.7–95.2) and 95.7% (91.1–99.7) for RBPT and i-ELISA, respectively. Management related factors such as region, locality, herd size, and knowledge of brucellosis and animal related factors such as sex and age were significantly associated with seropositivity of brucellosis. Zoonotic brucellosis is a neglected disease in Cameroon. The study highlights the need for control measures and the need to raise public awareness of the zoonotic occurrence and transmission of bovine brucellosis in the country. An integrated disease control strategy mimicking the one health approach involving medical personnel, veterinarians, related stakeholders, and affected communities cannot be overemphasized

Évolution des paramètres biochimiques chez les vaches laitières supplémentées par le maïs et le tourteau d’arachide dans la région de Kaolack (Sénégal)

Objectif: L’objectif de cette étude était d’analyser l’évolution de quelques paramètres biochimiques chez les vaches laitières supplémentées à base de maïs et du tourteau d’arachide.Méthodologie et Résultats: Trente-huit vaches ont été sélectionnées dans 8 villages de la région de Kaolack, Sénégal dont 20 vaches ont constitué le lot expérimental et 18 le lot témoin. Le lot expérimental a bénéficié d’une supplémentation alimentaire quotidienne de 0,5kg de maïs et 1,5kg de tourteau d’arachide par vache. Des prélèvements de sang réalisés avant l’expérimentation et pendant l’expérimentation, ont servi au dosage des paramètres biochimiques. Au deuxième prélèvement, l’albuminémie du lot expérimental était plus élevée par rapport à celle du lot témoin. La concentration moyenne en magnésium du lot témoin était plus faible au second prélèvement par rapport au premier prélèvement (p&lt;0,05). Dans les deux lots, la phosphorémie a augmenté au fil du temps.Conclusion et application der résultats: L’alimentation entraine des variations significatives d’un certain nombre de paramètres biochimiques. Cette étude a permis de montrer que certains paramètres biochimiques étaient améliorés grâce à une complémentation alimentaire. Ainsi l’état nutritionnel des vaches laitières des élevages traditionnels pourrait être évalué par le dosage de ces paramètres biochimiques.Mots clés: Paramètres biochimiques, vache laitière, complémentation alimentaire, SénégalEnglish Title: Changes in biochemical parameters of dairy cows supplemented with maize and groundnut cake in the region of Kaolack (Senegal)English AbstractObjective: The objective of this study was to analyze the changes in some biochemical parameters in dairy cows due to supplement feeding of maize and groundnut cake.Methodology and Results: Thirty- eight cows were selected in 8 villages in the region of Kaolack, Senegal, of which, 20 cows formed the experimental group and 18 in the control group. The experimental group received a daily dietary supplementation of 0.5kg of maize and 1.5kg of groundnut cake per cow. Blood samples collected before the experiment and during the experiment, were used for the analysis of the biochemical parameters. During the second blood sample collection, albuminemia in experimental group was higher compared to the control group and the. The average concentration of magnesium in the control group was lower in the second blood sampling compared to the first blood collection (p&lt;0.05). In both groups, serum phosphoremia increased over time.Conclusion and application of results: The feeding causes significant changes in a number of biochemical parameters. This study has shown that some biochemical parameters were improved through dietary supplementation. Thus, the nutritional status of dairy cows in traditional farms might be assessed by the analysis of these biochemical parameters.Keywords: biochemical parameters, dairy cow, feed complementation, Senega