18,287 research outputs found
Neutral carbon and CO in 76 (U)LIRGs and starburst galaxy centers A method to determine molecular gas properties in luminous galaxies
We present fluxes in both neutral carbon [CI] lines at the centers of 76
galaxies with FIR luminosities between 10^{9} and 10^{12} L(o) obtained with
Herschel-SPIRE and with ground-based facilities, along with the J=7-6, J=4-3,
J=2-1 12CO and J=2-1 13CO line fluxes. We investigate whether these lines can
be used to characterize the molecular ISM of the parent galaxies in simple ways
and how the molecular gas properties define the model results. In most
starburst galaxies, the [CI]/13CO flux ratio is much higher than in Galactic
star-forming regions, and it is correlated to the total FIR luminosity. The
[CI](1-0)/CO(4-3), the [CI](2-1) (2-1)/CO(7-6), and the [CI] (2-1)/(1-0) flux
ratios are also correlated, and trace the excitation of the molecular gas. In
the most luminous infrared galaxies (LIRGs), the ISM is fully dominated by
dense and moderately warm gas clouds that appear to have low [C]/[CO] and
[13CO]/[12CO] abundances. In less luminous galaxies, emission from gas clouds
at lower densities becomes progressively more important, and a multiple-phase
analysis is required to determine consistent physical characteristics. Neither
the CO nor the [CI] velocity-integrated line fluxes are good predictors of H2
column densities in individual galaxies, and X(CI) conversion factors are not
superior to X(CO) factors. The methods and diagnostic diagrams outlined in this
paper also provide a new and relatively straightforward means of deriving the
physical characteristics of molecular gas in high-redshift galaxies up to z=5,
which are otherwise hard to determine
The excitation of near-infrared H2 emission in NGC 253
Because of its large angular size and proximity to the Milky Way, NGC 253, an
archetypal starburst galaxy, provides an excellent laboratory to study the
intricacies of this intense episode of star formation. We aim to characterize
the excitation mechanisms driving the emission in NGC 253. Specifically we aim
to distinguish between shock excitation and UV excitation as the dominant
driving mechanism, using Br\gamma, H_2 and [FeII] as diagnostic emission line
tracers. Using SINFONI observations, we create linemaps of Br\gamma,
[FeII]_{1.64}, and all detected H_2 transitions. By using symmetry arguments of
the gas and stellar gas velocity field, we find a kinematic center in agreement
with previous determinations. The ratio of the 2-1 S(1) to 1-0 S(1) H_2
transitions can be used as a diagnostic to discriminate between shock and
fluorescent excitation. Using the 1-0 S(1)/2-1 S(1) line ratio as well as
several other H_2 line ratios and the morphological comparison between H_2 and
Br\gamma and [FeII], we find that excitation from UV photons is the dominant
excitation mechanisms throughout NGC 253. We employ a diagnostic energy level
diagram to quantitatively differentiate between mechanisms. We compare the
observed energy level diagrams to PDR and shock models and find that in most
regions and over the galaxy as a whole, fluorescent excitation is the dominant
mechanism exciting the H_2 gas. We also place an upper limit of the percentage
of shock excited H_2 at 29%. We find that UV radiation is the dominant
excitation mechanism for the H_2 emission. The H_2 emission does not correlate
well with Br\gamma but closely traces the PAH emission, showing that not only
is H_2 fluorescently excited, but it is predominately excited by slightly lower
mass stars than O stars which excite Br\gamma, such as B stars
Molecular gas heating in Arp 299
Understanding the heating and cooling mechanisms in nearby (Ultra) luminous
infrared galaxies can give us insight into the driving mechanisms in their more
distant counterparts. Molecular emission lines play a crucial role in cooling
excited gas, and recently, with Herschel Space Observatory we have been able to
observe the rich molecular spectrum. CO is the most abundant and one of the
brightest molecules in the Herschel wavelength range. CO transitions are
observed with Herschel, and together, these lines trace the excitation of CO.
We study Arp 299, a colliding galaxy group, with one component harboring an AGN
and two more undergoing intense star formation. For Arp 299 A, we present PACS
spectrometer observations of high-J CO lines up to J=20-19 and JCMT
observations of CO and HCN to discern between UV heating and alternative
heating mechanisms. There is an immediately noticeable difference in the
spectra of Arp 299 A and Arp 299 B+C, with source A having brighter high-J CO
transitions. This is reflected in their respective spectral energy line
distributions. We find that photon-dominated regions (PDRs) are unlikely to
heat all the gas since a very extreme PDR is necessary to fit the high-J CO
lines. In addition, this extreme PDR does not fit the HCN observations, and the
dust spectral energy distribution shows that there is not enough hot dust to
match the amount expected from such an extreme PDR. Therefore, we determine
that the high-J CO and HCN transitions are heated by an additional mechanism,
namely cosmic ray heating, mechanical heating, or X-ray heating. We find that
mechanical heating, in combination with UV heating, is the only mechanism that
fits all molecular transitions. We also constrain the molecular gas mass of Arp
299 A to 3e9 Msun and find that we need 4% of the total heating to be
mechanical heating, with the rest UV heating
Radiative and mechanical feedback into the molecular gas of NGC 253
Starburst galaxies are undergoing intense periods of star formation.
Understanding the heating and cooling mechanisms in these galaxies can give us
insight to the driving mechanisms that fuel the starburst. Molecular emission
lines play a crucial role in the cooling of the excited gas. With SPIRE on the
Herschel Space Observatory we have observed the rich molecular spectrum towards
the central region of NGC 253. CO transitions from J=4-3 to 13-12 are observed
and together with low-J line fluxes from ground based observations, these lines
trace the excitation of CO. By studying the CO excitation ladder and comparing
the intensities to models, we investigate whether the gas is excited by UV
radiation, X-rays, cosmic rays, or turbulent heating. Comparing the CO
and CO observations to large velocity gradient models and PDR models we
find three main ISM phases. We estimate the density, temperature,and masses of
these ISM phases. By adding CO, HCN, and HNC line intensities, we are
able to constrain these degeneracies and determine the heating sources. The
first ISM phase responsible for the low-J CO lines is excited by PDRs, but the
second and third phases, responsible for the mid to high-J CO transitions,
require an additional heating source. We find three possible combinations of
models that can reproduce our observed molecular emission. Although we cannot
determine which of these are preferable, we can conclude that mechanical
heating is necessary to reproduce the observed molecular emission and cosmic
ray heating is a negligible heating source. We then estimate the mass of each
ISM phase; M for phase 1 (low-J CO lines), M for phase 2 (mid-J CO lines), and M for
phase 3 (high-J CO lines) for a total system mass of M
The Herschel Comprehensive (U)LIRG Emission Survey (HERCULES): CO Ladders, Fine Structure Lines, and Neutral Gas Cooling
(Ultra) luminous infrared galaxies ((U)LIRGs) are objects characterized by their extreme infrared (8-1000 μm) luminosities (L_(LIRG) > 10^(11) L_☉ and L_(ULIRG) > 10^(12) L_☉). The Herschel Comprehensive ULIRG Emission Survey (PI: van der Werf) presents a representative flux-limited sample of 29 (U)LIRGs that spans the full luminosity range of these objects (10^(11) L_☉ ≤ L_(IR) ≤ 10^(13) L_☉). With the Herschel Space Observatory, we observe [C II] 157 μm, [O I] 63 μm, and [O I] 145 μm line emission with Photodetector Array Camera and Spectrometer, CO J = 4-3 through J = 13-12, [C I] 370 μm, and [C I] 609 μm with SPIRE, and low-J CO transitions with ground-based telescopes. The CO ladders of the sample are separated into three classes based on their excitation level. In 13 of the galaxies, the [O I] 63 μm emission line is self absorbed. Comparing the CO excitation to the InfraRed Astronomical Satellite 60/100 μm ratio and to far infrared luminosity, we find that the CO excitation is more correlated to the far infrared colors. We present cooling budgets for the galaxies and find fine-structure line flux deficits in the [C II], [Si II], [O I], and [C I] lines in the objects with the highest far IR fluxes, but do not observe this for CO 4 ≤ J_(upp) ≤ 13. In order to study the heating of the molecular gas, we present a combination of three diagnostic quantities to help determine the dominant heating source. Using the CO excitation, the CO J = 1-0 linewidth, and the active galactic nucleus (AGN) contribution, we conclude that galaxies with large CO linewidths always have high-excitation CO ladders, and often low AGN contributions, suggesting that mechanical heating is important
A comparison of spectral element and finite difference methods using statically refined nonconforming grids for the MHD island coalescence instability problem
A recently developed spectral-element adaptive refinement incompressible
magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) code [Rosenberg, Fournier, Fischer, Pouquet, J. Comp.
Phys. 215, 59-80 (2006)] is applied to simulate the problem of MHD island
coalescence instability (MICI) in two dimensions. MICI is a fundamental MHD
process that can produce sharp current layers and subsequent reconnection and
heating in a high-Lundquist number plasma such as the solar corona [Ng and
Bhattacharjee, Phys. Plasmas, 5, 4028 (1998)]. Due to the formation of thin
current layers, it is highly desirable to use adaptively or statically refined
grids to resolve them, and to maintain accuracy at the same time. The output of
the spectral-element static adaptive refinement simulations are compared with
simulations using a finite difference method on the same refinement grids, and
both methods are compared to pseudo-spectral simulations with uniform grids as
baselines. It is shown that with the statically refined grids roughly scaling
linearly with effective resolution, spectral element runs can maintain accuracy
significantly higher than that of the finite difference runs, in some cases
achieving close to full spectral accuracy.Comment: 19 pages, 17 figures, submitted to Astrophys. J. Supp
Parents' involvement in child care: do parental and work identities matter?
The current study draws on identity theory to explore mothers' and fathers' involvement in childcare. It examined the relationships between the salience and centrality of individuals’ parental and work-related identities and the extent to which they are involved in various forms of childcare. A sample of 148 couples with at least one child aged 6 years or younger completed extensive questionnaires. As hypothesized, the salience and centrality of parental identities were positively related to mothers' and fathers' involvement in childcare. Moreover, maternal identity salience was negatively related to fathers' hours of childcare and share of childcare tasks. Finally, work hours mediated the negative relationships between the centrality of work identities and time invested in childcare, and gender moderated this mediation effect. That is, the more central a mother's work identity, the more hours she worked for pay and the fewer hours she invested in childcare. These findings shed light on the role of parental identities in guiding behavioral choices, and attest to the importance of distinguishing between identity salience and centrality as two components of self-structure
Validation of a Manually Oscillating Chair for In-The-Field Assessment of Dynamic Visual Acuity on Crewmembers Within Hours of Returning from Long-Duration Spaceflight
Due to the deconditioned state of crewmembers in the initial hours after landing, it is safer and more practical to perform a vision test while seated in a chair versus walking on a treadmill. The purpose of this study was to validate the ability of a manually operated oscillating chair to produce the oscillatory frequency and displacement equivalent of walking on a treadmill at a 4 mph pace. A fast Fourier transform (FFT)was performed on the vertical trunk acceleration to compare the peak and spread of the distribution of oscillation frequencies for each oscillating condition. Peak oscillation frequencies achieved with the manual chair were lower and more variable than those of treadmill walking and the automatic chair. This can mostly be attributed to operator fatigue. However, DVA scores across conditions were not significantly different, indicating that the manual chair can provide adequate vertical oscillation frequency and displacement with the added advantage of being portable enough for testing outside a laboratory. Furthermore the automatic chair very closely matches the oscillation frequency of treadmill walking, making it an ideal method for testing DVA in a laboratory setting
Solar Physics - Plasma Physics Workshop
A summary of the proceedings of a conference whose purpose was to explore plasma physics problems which arise in the study of solar physics is provided. Sessions were concerned with specific questions including the following: (1) whether the solar plasma is thermal or non-themal; (2) what spectroscopic data is required; (3) what types of magnetic field structures exist; (4) whether magnetohydrodynamic instabilities occur; (5) whether resistive or non-magnetohydrodynamic instabilities occur; (6) what mechanisms of particle acceleration have been proposed; and (7) what information is available concerning shock waves. Very few questions were answered categorically but, for each question, there was discussion concerning the observational evidence, theoretical analyses, and existing or potential laboratory and numerical experiments
Thermodynamic Relations in Correlated Systems
Several useful thermodynamic relations are derived for metal-insulator
transitions, as generalizations of the Clausius-Clapeyron and Eherenfest
theorems. These relations hold in any spatial dimensions and at any
temperatures. First, they relate several thermodynamic quantities to the slope
of the metal-insulator phase boundary drawn in the plane of the chemical
potential and the Coulomb interaction in the phase diagram of the Hubbard
model. The relations impose constraints on the critical properties of the Mott
transition. These thermodynamic relations are indeed confirmed to be satisfied
in the cases of the one- and two-dimensional Hubbard models. One of these
relations yields that at the continuous Mott transition with a diverging charge
compressibility, the doublon susceptibility also diverges. The constraints on
the shapes of the phase boundary containing a first-order metal-insulator
transition at finite temperatures are clarified based on the thermodynamic
relations. For example, the first-order phase boundary is parallel to the
temperature axis asymptotically in the zero temperature limit. The
applicability of the thermodynamic relations are not restricted only to the
metal-insulator transition of the Hubbard model, but also hold in correlated
systems with any types of phases in general. We demonstrate such examples in an
extended Hubbard model with intersite Coulomb repulsion containing the charge
order phase.Comment: 10 pages, 9 figure
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