Genomic instability and proliferative activity as risk factors for distant metastases in breast cancer

The role of genomic instability and proliferative activity for development of distant metastases in breast cancer was analysed, and the relative contribution of these two risk factors was quantified. A detailed quantitative comparison was performed between Ki67 and cyclin A as proliferative markers. The frequency of Ki67 and cyclin A-positive cells was scored in the same microscopic areas in 428 breast tumours. The frequency of Ki67-positive cells was found to be highly correlated with the frequency of cyclin A-positive cells, and both proliferation markers were equally good to predict risk of distant metastases. The relative contribution of degree of aneuploidy and proliferative activity as risk markers for developing distant metastases was studied independently. Although increased proliferative activity in general was associated with an increased risk of developing distant metastases, ploidy level was found to be an independent and even stronger marker when considering the group of small (T1) node negative tumours. By combining proliferative activity and ploidy level, a large group of low risk breast tumours (39%) could be identified in which only a few percentage of the tumours (5%) developed distant metastases during the 9-year follow-up time period

Erratum to: 36th International Symposium on Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1186/s13054-016-1208-6.]

A review of advanced air distribution methods - theory, practice, limitations and solutions

Ventilation and air distribution methods are important for indoor thermal environments and air quality. Effective distribution of airflow for indoor built environments with the aim of simultaneously offsetting thermal and ventilation loads in an energy efficient manner has been the research focus in the past several decades. Based on airflow characteristics, ventilation methods can be categorized as fully mixed or non-uniform. Non-uniform methods can be further divided into piston, stratified and task zone ventilation. In this paper, the theory, performance, practical applications, limitations and solutions pertaining to ventilation and air distribution methods are critically reviewed. Since many ventilation methods are buoyancy driving that confines their use for heating mode, some methods suitable for heating are discussed. Furthermore, measuring and evaluating methods for ventilation and air distribution are also discussed to give a comprehensive framework of the review

Stability analysis of experimental flow fields behind a porous cylinder for the investigation of the large-scale wake vortices

When the linear stability analysis is applied to the time-averaged flow past a circular cylinder after the primary instability of the wake, a nearly marginally stable global mode is predicted with a frequency in time equal to that of the saturated vortex shedding. This behaviour has recently been shown to hold up to Reynolds number Re = 600 by direct numerical simulations. In the present work we verify that the global stability analysis provides reasonable estimation also when applied to experimental velocity fields measured in the wake past a porous circular cylinder at Re = 3500. Different intensities of continuous suction and blowing through the entire surface of the cylinder are considered. The global direct and adjoint stability modes, derived from the experimental data, are used to sort the random instantaneous snapshots of the velocity field in phase. The proposed method is remarkable, sorting the snapshots in phase with respect to the vortex shedding, allowing phase-averaged velocity fields to be extracted from the experimental database. The phase-averaged flow fields are analysed in order to study the effect of the transpiration on the kinematical characteristics of the large-scale wake vortices

Consecutive turbulence transition delay with reinforced passive control

Miniature vortex generators (MVGs) are able to delay the transition to turbulence in a flat plate boundary layer if properly designed. Unfortunately, the natural recovery of the modulated laminar base flow in the streamwise direction is of exponential space scale and hence the passive laminar control fades away fairly rapidly. Here we show that by placing a second array of MVGs downstream of the first one it is possible to nourish the counter-rotating streamwise vortices responsible for the modulation, which results in a prolonged streamwise extent of the control. With this control strategy it is possible to delay the transition to turbulence, consecutively, by reinforcing the control effect and with the ultimate implication of obtaining a net skin-friction drag reduction of at least 65%. © 2014 American Physical Society