Field-induced decay dynamics in square-lattice antiferromagnet

Dynamical properties of the square-lattice Heisenberg antiferromagnet in applied magnetic field are studied for arbitrary value S of the spin. Above the threshold field for two-particle decays, the standard spin-wave theory yields singular corrections to the excitation spectrum with logarithmic divergences for certain momenta. We develop a self-consistent approximation applicable for S >= 1, which avoids such singularities and provides regularized magnon decay rates. Results for the dynamical structure factor obtained in this approach are presented for S = 1 and S = 5/2.Comment: 12 pages, 11 figures, final versio

Collapse and revival of excitations in Bose-Einstein condensates

We study the energies and decay of elementary excitations in weakly interacting Bose-Einstein condensates within a finite-temperature gapless second-order theory. The energy shifts for the high-lying collective modes turn out to be systematically negative compared with the Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov-Popov approximation and the decay of the low-lying modes is found to exhibit collapse and revival effects. In addition, perturbation theory is used to qualitatively explain the experimentally observed Beliaev decay process of the scissors mode.Comment: 9 pages, 5 figure

Fermi-Bose mapping for one-dimensional Bose gases

One-dimensional Bose gases are considered, interacting either through the hard-core potentials or through the contact delta potentials. Interest in these gases gained momentum because of the recent experimental realization of quasi-one-dimensional Bose gases in traps with tightly confined radial motion, achieving the Tonks-Girardeau (TG) regime of strongly interacting atoms. For such gases the Fermi-Bose mapping of wavefunctions is applicable. The aim of the present communication is to give a brief survey of the problem and to demonstrate the generality of this mapping by emphasizing that: (i) It is valid for nonequilibrium wavefunctions, described by the time-dependent Schr\"odinger equation, not merely for stationary wavefunctions. (ii) It gives the whole spectrum of all excited states, not merely the ground state. (iii) It applies to the Lieb-Liniger gas with the contact interaction, not merely to the TG gas of impenetrable bosons.Comment: Brief review, Latex file, 15 page

Coherence time of a Bose-Einstein condensate

Temporal coherence is a fundamental property of macroscopic quantum systems, such as lasers in optics and Bose-Einstein condensates in atomic gases and it is a crucial issue for interferometry applications with light or matter waves. Whereas the laser is an "open" quantum system, ultracold atomic gases are weakly coupled to the environment and may be considered as isolated. The coherence time of a condensate is then intrinsic to the system and its derivation is out of the frame of laser theory. Using quantum kinetic theory, we predict that the interaction with non-condensed modes gradually smears out the condensate phase, with a variance growing as A t^2+B t+C at long times t, and we give a quantitative prediction for A, B and C. Whereas the coefficient A vanishes for vanishing energy fluctuations in the initial state, the coefficients B and C are remarkably insensitive to these fluctuations. The coefficient B describes a diffusive motion of the condensate phase that sets the ultimate limit to the condensate coherence time. We briefly discuss the possibility to observe the predicted phase spreading, also including the effect of particle losses.Comment: 17 pages, 8 figures; typos correcte

Optically-Induced Polarons in Bose-Einstein Condensates: Monitoring Composite Quasiparticle Decay

Nonresonant light-scattering off atomic Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) is predicted to give rise to hitherto unexplored composite quasiparticles: unstable polarons, i.e., local ``impurities'' dressed by virtual phonons. Optical monitoring of their spontaneous decay can display either Zeno or anti-Zeno deviations from the Golden Rule, and thereby probe the temporal correlations of elementary excitations in BECs.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figure

Effective field theory and dispersion law of the phonons of a non-relativistic superfluid

We study the recently proposed effective field theory for the phonon of an arbitrary non-relativistic superfluid. After computing the one-loop phonon self-energy, we obtain the low temperature T contributions to the phonon dispersion law at low momentum, and see that the real part of those can be parametrized as a thermal correction to the phonon velocity. Because the phonons are the quanta of the sound waves, at low momentum their velocity should agree with the speed of sound. We find that our results match at order T^4ln(T) with those predicted by Andreev and Khalatnikov for the speed of sound, derived from the superfluid hydrodynamical equations and the phonon kinetic theory. We get also higher order corrections of order T^4, which are not reproduced pushing naively the kinetic theory computation. Finally, as an application, we consider the cold Fermi gas in the unitarity limit, and find a universal expression for the low T relative correction to the speed of sound for these systems.Comment: 14 pages, 2 figures. References adde

Risk Factors and Predictive Models for Conversion of Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy to Open Surgery, and Surgical Quality Outcome Measures

Background: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the preferred surgical operation for symptomatic gallstone disease. Conversion of laparoscopic cholecystectomy to open surgery is used to prevent intra-abdominal organ injury, for open common bile duct exploration and to repair intra-abdominal organ injury

Thermodynamics of a Bose-Einstein Condensate with Weak Disorder

We consider the thermodynamics of a homogeneous superfluid dilute Bose gas in the presence of weak quenched disorder. Following the zero-temperature approach of Huang and Meng, we diagonalize the Hamiltonian of a dilute Bose gas in an external random delta-correlated potential by means of a Bogoliubov transformation. We extend this approach to finite temperature by combining the Popov and the many-body T-matrix approximations. This approach permits us to include the quasi-particle interactions within this temperature range. We derive the disorder-induced shifts of the Bose-Einstein critical temperature and of the temperature for the onset of superfluidity by approaching the transition points from below, i.e., from the superfluid phase. Our results lead to a phase diagram consistent with that of the finite-temperature theory of Lopatin and Vinokur which was based on the replica method, and in which the transition points were approached from above.Comment: 11 pages, 5 figure

Packing dimension of mean porous measures

We prove that the packing dimension of any mean porous Radon measure on $\mathbb R^d$ may be estimated from above by a function which depends on mean porosity. The upper bound tends to $d-1$ as mean porosity tends to its maximum value. This result was stated in \cite{BS}, and in a weaker form in \cite{JJ1}, but the proofs are not correct. Quite surprisingly, it turns out that mean porous measures are not necessarily approximable by mean porous sets. We verify this by constructing an example of a mean porous measure $\mu$ on $\mathbb R$ such that $\mu(A)=0$ for all mean porous sets $A\subset\mathbb R$.Comment: Revised versio

Commensurate and incommensurate ground states of Cs_2CuCl_4 in a magnetic field

We present calculations of the magnetic ground state of Cs_2CuCl_4 in an applied magnetic field, with the aim of understanding the commensurately ordered state that has been discovered in recent experiments. This layered material is a realization of a Heisenberg antiferromagnet on an anisotropic triangular lattice. Its behavior in a magnetic field depends on field orientation, because of weak Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interactions.We study the system by mapping the spin-1/2 Heisenberg Hamiltonian onto a Bose gas with hard core repulsion. This Bose gas is dilute, and calculations are controlled, close to the saturation field. We find a zero-temperature transition between incommensurate and commensurate phases as longitudinal field strength is varied, but only incommensurate order in a transverse field. Results for both field orientations are consistent with experiment.Comment: 5 Pages, 3 Figure