What Determines Family Structure?

We estimate the effects of policy and labor market variables on the fertility, union formation and dissolution, type of union (cohabiting versus married), and partner choices of the NLSY79 cohort of women. These demographic behaviors interact to determine the family structure experienced by the children of these women: living with the biological mother and the married or cohabiting biological father, a married or cohabiting step father, or no man. We find that the average wage rates available to men and women have substantial effects on family structure for children of black and Hispanic mothers, but not for whites. The tax treatment of children also affects family structure. Implementation of welfare reform and passage of unilateral divorce laws had much smaller effects on family structure for the children of this cohort of women, as did changes in welfare benefits. The estimates imply that observed changes from the 1970s to the 2000s in the policy and labor market variables considered here contributed to a reduction in the proportion of time spent living without a father by children of the NLSY79 cohort of women. This suggests that the observed increase in this non-traditional family structure in the U.S. in the last three decades was caused by other factors.family structure

Assessment of Public Awareness on Cyber Complexity when Using of Social Media Platforms in Tanzania: A Case of Kigamboni Municipality

The study was conducted at Kigamboni Municipal to assess the public awareness on cyber complexity when using social media platforms. Specifically the study was interested to determine the level of public awareness of various cyber complexities and risks associated with using social media platforms, to examine the ways used by the government and other stakeholders in creating public awareness on cyber complexity when using social media platforms, and to understand the attitude and perceptions of the public towards cyber complexities in social media use. The study collected information from a number of 100 respondents who were selected through random and purposive sampling techniques. Interview and questionnaires were used as tools for data collection. The study revealed that respondents were in majority using social media platforms and Instagram was the most social media platforms used. The study revealed that most of respondents were not knowledgeable about cyber bullying and its associated laws and policies. The study also revealed that there was little effort conducted by the government and other stakeholder in conducting campaigns aiming at creating awareness about cyber-crimes associated with social media platforms. The study was interested is finding out measures that could be used taken to improve public awareness on cyber complexity when using social media. a large number of respondents proposed the need for conducting education in schools and higher learning institution.. Unless the government furnish many efforts in introducing the proper use of social media in school curricula in all schools and higher learning institutions still the efforts done by the police is minimal compared to the influence of social media

The Sixty-Fifth Annual Session of the American Medical Association

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A demographic analysis of the family structure experiences of children in the United States

This paper provides a comprehensive demographic analysis of the family structure experiences of children in the U.S. Childbearing and transitions among co-residential union states defined by single, cohabiting, and married are analyzed jointly. A novel contribution is to distinguish men by their relationship to children: biological father or stepfather. This distinction is rarely made when analyzing union formation, but it is critical for understanding the family structure experiences of children. The analysis uses data from the 1979 cohort of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79). The results are used to address the following issues: (1) What fraction of their childhood do children spend with the biological father, stepfathers, and no father? (2) How do these fractions vary by the mother's marital status at the time of the child's birth and at the time of the child's conception? (3) How do the family structure experiences of the children of white, black, and Hispanic mothers differ, and what are the proximate demographic determinants of these differences? A key finding is that children of black mothers spend on average only 34.1% of their childhood living with the biological father and mother, compared to 72.8% for whites and 64.1% for Hispanics. The two most important proximate demographic determinants of this large racial gap are the much higher propensity of black women to conceive children outside of a union, and the lower rate of shotgun unions for blacks compared to whites and Hispanics. Another notable finding is that cohabitation plays a negligible role in the family structure experiences of children of white and Hispanic mothers, and even for children of black mothers accounts for only one fifth of time spent living with both biological parents. Finally, we find that children of black, Hispanic, and white mothers spend similar proportions of their lives with stepfathers present, but this similarity masks a much higher stepfather turnover rate among blacks, who are more likely than the other groups to experience a larger number of shorter spells with different stepfathers

Test cornfields for nitrate if manure was not incorporated

Research during the past few years has shown that severe deficiencies of nitrogen (N) are common in fields where manure was applied without immediate incorporation. Data gathered in 2001 continue to support this conclusion and emphasize the need to use the late-spring test to check nitrate levels in such fields. Immediate incorporation of manure into soil is an effective way to reduce odor and losses of N soon after application. Incorporation reduces volatilization of ammonia, which can be a serious problem if manure is spread after it has been stored in pits or piles

Save nitrogen dollars after manure

Precision farming trials last year confirmed the old idea that manure can be a valuable source of nitrogen (N) for corn production. The results deserve special attention when both fertilizer N prices and environmental concerns are high. The trials were made possible by funding from the Iowa Corn Promotion Board and were conducted at 11 sites having an average size of 20 acres

Estimation of fiber diameters in the spinal dorsal columns from clinical data

Lack of human morphometric data regarding the largest nerve fibers in the dorsal columns (DCs) of the spinal cord has lead to the estimation of the diameters of these fibers from clinical data retrieved from patients with a new spinal cord stimulation (SCS) system. These patients indicated the perception threshold of stimulation induced paresthesia in various body segments, while the stimulation amplitude was increased. The fiber diameters were calculated with a computer model, developed to calculate the effects of SCS on spinal nerve fibers. This computer model consists of two parts: (1) a three-dimensional (3-D) volume conductor model of a spinal cord segment in which the potential distribution due to electrical stimulation is calculated and (2) an electrical equivalent cable model of myelinated nerve fiber, which uses the calculated potential field to determine the threshold stimulus needed for activation. It is shown that the largest fibers in the medial DCs are significantly smaller than the largest fibers in the lateral parts. This finding is in accordance with the fiber distribution in cat, derived from the corresponding propagation velocities. Moreover, it is shown that the mediolateral increase in fiber diameter is mainly confined to the lateral parts of the DCs. Implementation of this mediolateral fiber diameter distribution of the DCs in the computer model enables the prediction of the recruitment order of dermatomal paresthesias following increasing electrical stimulation amplitud

It Takes Two to Tango:The Interplay between Prostate Cancer and Its Microenvironment from an Epigenetic Perspective

Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer in men worldwide and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Consequently, there is an urgent unmet need for novel treatment avenues. In addition to somatic genetic alterations, deviations in the epigenetic landscape of cancer cells and their tumor microenvironment (TME) are critical drivers of prostate cancer initiation and progression. Unlike genomic mutations, epigenetic modifications are potentially reversible. Therefore, the inhibition of aberrant epigenetic modifications represents an attractive and exciting novel treatment strategy for castration-resistant prostate cancer patients. Moreover, drugs targeting the epigenome also exhibit synergistic interactions with conventional therapeutics by directly enhancing their anti-tumorigenic properties by “priming” the tumor and tumor microenvironment to increase drug sensitivity. This review summarizes the major epigenetic alterations in prostate cancer and its TME, and their involvement in prostate tumorigenesis, and discusses the impact of epigenome-targeted therapies.</p