Preliminary results on mood state, salivary testosterone cortisol ratio and team performance in a professional soccer team

BACKGROUND: Youth-friendly sexual and reproductive health (YFSRH) services for young people have high priority in many countries. Yet, little is known about the actual cost of delivering YFSRH services. This article analyses costs of a fully scaled up national youth clinic network (YCN) in Estonia. It reports; 1) total budget of the YCN during the period 2002-2012, and 2) annual clinic level costs of three youth clinics (YCs) in 2012. METHODS: The retrospective cost analysis is based on financial and medical records of Estonian Health Insurance Fund (EHIF), Estonian Sexual Health Association (ESHA), National Institute for Health Development and the YCs. The programme level costs are analysed per year, financing source and a portion spent on coordination in 2002-2012. Costs of three YCs are analysed per clinic, expense category, patient and healthcare service in 2012. RESULTS: The total budget of the YCN was euro8.38 million and it served 304,000 young patients in 2002-2012. 95% of the total budget was financed by the EHIF. 3.6% was spent on coordination. The YCs in Tallinn, Tartu and Ida-Virumaa had annual budgets of euro247,000, euro267,000 and euro42,000 respectively. In 2012 the three YCs provided YFSRH services to 19,700 patients, excluding sexuality education lessons and internet counselling. The YFSRH services cost euro543,000. Consequently, the average cost per patient was euro27.76. The largest expense categories were personnel salaries 35% and medical supplies 33%. Cost of the YFSRH services were; STI consultation euro54.80, SRH counselling euro13.13, contraception consultation euro9.32, internet counselling euro8.21 and sexuality education lesson euro1.52. CONCLUSIONS: The Estonian YCN is a positive example for other countries considering or already implementing similar programmes. The cost analyses highlighted the following: Sustainable funding is particularly important, without it the YFSRH services would not have been scaled up and sustained on the national level in Estonia. Investment in professional coordination of the YFSRH services is recommended, and it does not necessarily have to be expensive. Only 3.6% of the total budget of YCN was used for ESHA coordination, which is a small portion especially when taking into account ESHA's substantial contributions to development, training, quality improvements and representation of the YCN

An unexpected connection between Bayes A−A-optimal designs and the Group Lasso

International audienceWe show that the $A$-optimal design optimization problem over $m$ design points in $\mathbb{R}^n$ is equivalent to minimizing a quadratic function plus a group lasso sparsity inducing term over $n\times m$ real matrices. This observation allows to describe several new algorithms for $A$-optimal design based on splitting and block coordinate decomposition. These techniques are well known and proved powerful to treat large scale problems in machine learning and signal processing communities. The proposed algorithms come with rigorous convergence guaranties and convergence rate estimate stemming from the optimization literature. Performances are illustrated on synthetic benchmarks and compared to existing methods for solving the optimal design problem