3,028 research outputs found
Optimization of -Layer Systems for Josephson Junctions from a Microstructure Point of View
-layer systems are frequently used for Josephson junction-based
superconducting devices. Although much work has been devoted to the
optimization of the superconducting properties of these devices, systematic
studies on influence of deposition conditions combined with structural analyses
on the nanoscale are rare up to now. We have focused on the optimization of the
structural properties of -layer systems deposited on Si(111)
substrates with a particular focus on the thickness homogeneity of the
-tunnel barrier. A standard high-vacuum electron-beam deposition system
was used and the effect of substrate pretreatment, different Al-deposition
temperatures and Al-deposition rates was studied. Transmission electron
microscopy was applied to analyze the structural properties of the
-layer systems to determine the thickness homogeneity of the
layer, grain size distribution in the Al layers, Al-grain boundary
types and the morphology of the interface. We show that the
structural properties of the lower Al layer are decisive for the structural
quality of the whole -layer system. Optimum conditions yield an
epitaxial Al(111) layer on a Si(111) substrate with an Al-layer thickness
variation of only 1.6 nm over more than 10 and large lateral grain
sizes up to 1 . Thickness fluctuations of the -tunnel barrier are
minimized on such an Al layer which is essential for the homogeneity of the
tunnel current. Systematic variation of the Al-deposition rate and deposition
temperature allows to develop an understanding of the growth mechanisms
USSR Space Life Sciences Digest, issue 1
The first issue of the bimonthly digest of USSR Space Life Sciences is presented. Abstracts are included for 49 Soviet periodical articles in 19 areas of aerospace medicine and space biology, published in Russian during the first quarter of 1985. Translated introductions and table of contents for nine Russian books on topics related to NASA's life science concerns are presented. Areas covered include: botany, cardiovascular and respiratory systems, cybernetics and biomedical data processing, endocrinology, gastrointestinal system, genetics, group dynamics, habitability and environmental effects, health and medicine, hematology, immunology, life support systems, man machine systems, metabolism, musculoskeletal system, neurophysiology, perception, personnel selection, psychology, radiobiology, reproductive system, and space biology. This issue concentrates on aerospace medicine and space biology
(Quantumness in the context of) Resource Theories
We review the basic idea behind resource theories, where we quantify quantum
resources by specifying a restricted class of operations. This divides the
state space into various sets, including states which are free (because they
can be created under the class of operations), and those which are a resource
(because they cannot be). One can quantify the worth of the resource by the
relative entropy distance to the set of free states, and under certain
conditions, this is a unique measure which quantifies the rate of state to
state transitions. The framework includes entanglement, asymmetry and purity
theory. It also includes thermodynamics, which is a hybrid resource theory
combining purity theory and asymmetry. Another hybrid resource theory which
merges purity theory and entanglement can be used to study quantumness of
correlations and discord, and we present quantumness in this more general
framework of resource theories.Comment: review articl
Predictions for Impurity-Induced Tc Suppression in the High-Temperature Superconductors
We address the question of whether anisotropic superconductivity is
compatible with the evidently weak sensitivity of the critical temperature Tc
to sample quality in the high-Tc copper oxides. We examine this issue
quantitatively by solving the strong-coupling Eliashberg equations numerically
as well as analytically for s-wave impurity scattering within the second Born
approximation. For pairing interactions with a characteristically low energy
scale, we find an approximately universal dependence of the d-wave
superconducting transition temperature on the planar residual resistivity which
is independent of the details of the microscopic pairing. These results, in
conjunction with future systematic experiments, should help elucidate the
symmetry of the order parameter in the cuprates.Comment: 13 pages, 4 figures upon request, revtex version
Developmental learning disorders in children with prenatal/perinatal exposure to hypoxia: A systematic review protocol
Background Developmental learning disorder (DLD) belongs to neurodevelopmental disorders because it results from the developmental neurodiversity of the brain. The main causes of DLD are genetics, but environmental factors, like inadequate supply of oxygen during pregnancy or labor, are considered. Methods Our search strategy will consist of electronic databases (PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library) and hand searching. The observational studies including cohort and case-control studies will be included. The primary outcome will be (DLD). Screening and eligibility will be done independently by two reviewers based on pre-specified eligibility criteria. Data extraction will be based on a pre-pilot data extraction form, and conducted by two authors independently. Study quality will be assessed by two authors independently. Any discrepancies identified at any stage of the review will be resolved by discussion or/and consultation with another reviewer. We plan a narrative and tabular summary of the findings. Discussion This systematic review of aetiology follows the traditional approach to evidence-based healthcare. This secondary research will assess the association between hypoxia and DLD by assessing the relationship of health-related event and outcome and examining the association between them. This review can provide information for healthcare professionals and policymakers indicating whether taking into account information about hypoxia should be permanently included in the diagnostic ontogenetic interview in the process of diagnosing neurodevelopmental disorders.publishedVersio
USSR Space Life Sciences Digest, issue 6
This is the sixth issue of NASA's USSR Space Life Sciences Digest. It contains abstracts of 54 papers recently published in Russian language periodicals and bound collections and of 10 new Soviet monographs. Selected abstracts are illustrated with figures and tables from the original. Additional features include a table of Soviet EVAs and information about English translations of Soviet materials available to readers. The topics covered in this issue have been identified as relevant to 26 areas of aerospace medicine and space biology. These areas are adaptation, biospherics, body fluids, botany, cardiovascular and respiratory systems, developmental biology, endocrinology, enzymology, exobiology, genetics, habitability and environment effects, health and medical treatment, hematology, human performance, immunology, life support systems, mathematical modeling, metabolism., microbiology, morphology and cytology, musculoskeletal system, neurophysiology, nutrition, perception, personnel selection, psychology, radiobiology, reproductive biology, and space medicine
ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ«Π ΠΠΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠΠ― Π Π‘ΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠΠ«Π₯ Π₯Π£ΠΠΠΠΠ‘Π’ΠΠΠΠΠ«Π₯ ΠΠ ΠΠΠ’ΠΠΠΠ₯
Digital technologies, ubiquitous computing and Web 2.0 have made it possible for users to create, archive, consume and share photos and images at any time and any place. The exuberant flow of information, the circulation of images, the performance of one's self in the net, and in general the surfeit of images and the changes in seeing, reading and thinking of and with images constitute one subject of Post-Internet Art. Through a close reading of several works of the artists Aleksandra DomanoviΔ, Oliver Laric and Jon Rafman, the following text will examine how Internet phenomena such as memes, niche interests and network structures that permit a plurality of perspectives, constant change, and associative couplings are being represented in post-digital art practice. All three artists take found images out of their circulation and inscribe them with new meaning. Treating these images as raw material, the presented works might be seen as an ongoing investigation into the processes and creative potential of re-staging or re-showing content. They decode the raw material, produce alternative narratives, and offer different pathways through reality. In the way images and texts are assembled, their works could be regarded as a vehicle for destabilization and discovery.Π¦ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ, Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Web 2.0 Π΄Π°ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π²Π°ΡΡ, Ρ
ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΡ, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»ΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ Π±Π΅Π· ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²Π΅. ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΠΏΠΎΡ
ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡ-ΠΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π΅Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠΈΡΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΈΠ·Π±ΡΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π° Π² ΠΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π΅Ρ-ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²Π΅, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΌΡ ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΌ Π½Π° ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌ ΠΈΡ
ΠΈ Π΄ΡΠΌΠ°Π΅ΠΌ ΠΎ Π½ΠΈΡ
. Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ
ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°Π½Π΄ΡΡ ΠΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ, ΠΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΠ° ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΠΆΠΎΠ½Π° Π Π°ΡΠΌΠ°Π½Π°. ΠΡΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ, ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΠΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅Ρ-ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²Π΅ - ΠΌΠ΅ΠΌΡ, Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ, ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ², ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΈ Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ β ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ Π² ΠΏΠΎΡΡ-ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΡΡ-ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅. ΠΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈ Ρ
ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΉΠ΄Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ· ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΠΌ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΡΡΡΡ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π΅ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ. Π₯ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ Π°Π»ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Ρ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°ΡΡ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΡΠΈ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΠ²ΠΎΠ·Ρ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ. Π Π°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π° Π΄Π»Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΠΉ
Correlating the nanostructure of Al-oxide with deposition conditions and dielectric contributions of two-level systems in perspective of superconducting quantum circuits
This work is concerned with Al/Al-oxide(AlO)/Al-layer systems which are
important for Josephson-junction-based superconducting devices such as quantum
bits. The device performance is limited by noise, which has been to a large
degree assigned to the presence and properties of two-level tunneling systems
in the amorphous AlO tunnel barrier. The study is focused on the
correlation of the fabrication conditions, nanostructural and nanochemical
properties and the occurrence of two-level tunneling systems with particular
emphasis on the AlO-layer. Electron-beam evaporation with two different
processes and sputter deposition were used for structure fabrication, and the
effect of illumination by ultraviolet light during Al-oxide formation is
elucidated. Characterization was performed by analytical transmission electron
microscopy and low-temperature dielectric measurements. We show that the
fabrication conditions have a strong impact on the nanostructural and
nanochemical properties of the layer systems and the properties of two-level
tunneling systems. Based on the understanding of the observed structural
characteristics, routes are derived towards the fabrication of
Al/AlO/Al-layers systems with improved properties.Comment: 28 pages, 4 figure
USSR Space Life Sciences Digest, issue 3
This is the third issue of NASA's USSR Space Life Sciences Digest. Abstracts are included for 46 Soviet periodical articles in 20 areas of aerospace medicine and space biology and published in Russian during the second third of 1985. Selected articles are illustrated with figures and tables from the original. In addition, translated introductions and tables of contents for seven Russian books on six topics related to NASA's life science concerns are presented. Areas covered are adaptation, biospherics, body fluids, botany, cardiovascular and respiratory systems, endocrinology, exobiology, gravitational biology, habitability and environmental effects, health and medical treatment, immunology, life support systems, metabolism, microbiology, musculoskeletal system; neurophysiology, nutrition, perception, personnel selection, psychology, radiobiology, and space physiology. Two book reviews translated from the Russian are included and lists of additional relevant titles available in English with pertinent ordering information are given
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