Drift and observations in cosmic-ray modulation, 1

It is illustrated that a relative simple drift model can, in contrast with no drift models, simultaneously fit proton and electron spectra observed in 1965-66 and 1977, using a single set of modulation parameters except for a change in the IMF polarity. This result is interpreted together with the observation of Evenson and Meyer that electrons are recovering more rapidly than protons after 1980, in contrast with what Burger and Swanenburg observed in 1968-72, as a charge sign dependent effect due to the occurrence of drift in cosmic ray modulation. The same set of parameters produces a shift in the phase and amplitude of the diurnal anisotropy vector, consistent with observations in 1969-71 and 1980-81

Drift and observations in cosmic-ray modulation, 2

The significant effect of drift on the radial and latitudinal dependence of cosmic rays for consecutive solar minimum periods is illustrated. Compared with the integral radial gradient observed in 1976, the calculated value seems too small. A detailed comparison will however have to await the forthcoming solar minimum. The same applies to the latitudinal gradient which is as yet inconclusive about drift effects. Searching the literature for observations related to the IMF polarity reversal, distinct differences were found in neutron monitor response functions for consecutive solar minimum periods, and also in the annual variations of cosmic rays observed before and after polarity reversals. Whether drift is the predominant effect is however not yet clear. Better correlation was found between variations in the cosmic ray intensity and solar activity parameters over a much wider range of heliolatitude during 1970-80 compared to before this period

Quasilinear Drift Of Cosmic Rays In Weak Turbulent Electromagnetic Fields

A general quasilinear transport parameter for particle drift in arbitrary turbulence geometry is presented. The new drift coefficient is solely characterized by a nonresonant term and is evaluated for slab and two-dimensional turbulence geometry. The calculations presented here demonstrate that fluctuating electric fields are a key quantity for understanding quasilinear particle drift in slab geometry. It is shown that particle drift does not exist in unpolarized and purely magnetic slab fluctuations. This is in stark contrast to previous models, which are restricted to slab geometry and the field line random walk limit. The evaluation of the general transport parameter for two-dimensional turbulence geometry, presented here for the first time for dynamical magnetic turbulence, results in a drift coefficient valid for a magnetic power spectrum and turbulence decay rate varying arbitrarily in wavenumber. For a two-component, slab/two-dimensional turbulence model, numerical calculations are presented. The new quasilinear drift, induced by the magnetic perturbations, is compared with a standard drift expression related to the curvature and gradient of an unperturbed heliospheric background magnetic field. The considerations presented here offer a solid ground and natural explanation for the hitherto puzzling observation that drift models often describe observations much better when drift effects are reduced.Comment: 23 pages, 6 figures, accepted for publication in Ap

A local interstellar spectrum for galactic electrons

A heliopause spectrum at 122 AU from the Sun is presented for galactic electrons over an energy range from 1 MeV to 50 GeV that can be considered the lowest possible local interstellar spectrum (LIS). The focus is on the spectral shape of the LIS below 1.0 GeV. The study is done by using a comprehensive numerical model for solar modulation in comparison with Voyager 1 observations at 110 AU from the Sun and PAMELA data at Earth. Below 1.0 GeV, this LIS exhibits a power law,E to the power -(1.55+-0.05), where E is the kinetic energy. However, reproducing the PAMELA electron spectrum averaged for 2009, requires a LIS with a different power law of the form E to the power -(3.15+-0.05) above about 5 GeV. Combining the two power laws with a smooth transition from low to high energies yields a LIS over the full energy range that is relevant and applicable to the modulation of cosmic ray electrons in the heliosphere. The break occurs between 800 MeV and 2 GeV as a characteristic feature of this LIS.Comment: 15 pages,3 figure

Gastronomie*)

Gastronomic het ontstaan toe die mens voedsel en drank, behalwe om sy honger te stil en sy dors te les, verorber het vir die smaaklikheid daarvan. Voedsel is egter veel meer as net ’n essensiële faktor vir die voortbestaan, gesondheid en welsyn van die mens. Ons kulturele agtergrond, die familie waarin ons opgroei sowel as ons daelikse ervarings, sal beslis ’n blywende stempel op ons voedselgedrag laat

On the anomalous component

The so-called anomalous cosmic ray component, which occurs at energies of about 10 MeV/nucleon and consists only of He, N, O, and Ne, has been a subject of interest for more than a decade. The origin of this component is generally considered to be interstellar neutral gas that is ionized and accelerated in the solar wind. The mechanism and the location for the acceleration, however, remains an unsolved problem. A model is used which includes the effects of gradient and curvature drifts and considers the implications of observed spatial gradients of the anomalous component for the location of the acceleration region. It is concluded that if drifts are important the acceleration region cannot lie at the solar poles. It is also concluded that there is no single region for the acceleration which can account for both the observed intensities and gradients in models which include drift effects