Milk coagulation properties and methods of detection

ABSTRACT: One of the most crucial steps in cheesemaking is the coagulation process, and knowledge of the parameters involved in the clotting process plays an important technological role in the dairy industry. Milk of different ruminant species vary in terms of their coagulation capacities because they are influenced by the milk composition and mainly by the milk protein genetic variants. The milk coagulation capacity can be measured by means of mechanical and/or optical devices, such as Lactodynamographic Analysis and Near-Infrared and Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy

Wear behavior of ceramic-metal composites as tool materials for FSW of stainless steel

Friction stir welding (FSW) is a solid-state joining process that uses a non-consumable tool to join materials by mixing them mechanically in the weld area instead of melting the materials. The temperatures of the high-quality FSW process for stainless steels are above 1000˚C. The main wear mechanism for a FSW tool in the case of stainless steels is diffusion controlled wear. In our study, wear and diffusion tests were performed at the temperature close to the welding process for better physical simulation of real-life FSW tool wear conditions by turning stainless steel AISI304 at high speed. Tool materials such as WC–Co cemented carbides and TiC–based cermets with different binder composition and fraction were used. The temperature required in the cutting zone was achieved by increasing the cutting speed. To measure the temperature at the interface of the cutting tool and the workpiece, the method based on the thermoelectric effect was used. The wear was determined as the change of the geometry of the cutting edges of the tool. Microscopic investigations were performed using scanning electron microscopy. The diffusion mechanism was studied using the energy dispersive X–ray spectroscopy (EDS). TiC–based cermets with nickel based binder TiC–NiMo demonstrated superiority over WC–Co cemented carbides and TiC–based Fe–alloys bonded cermets TiC–FeNi and TiC–FeCr

Synergistic effect of Nb and Mo on the microstructural formationof the Ti(C,n)-high chromium ferrous-based cermets

Funder: Estonian Research Council (PRG1145);</p