Unstandardised parameter estimates (G1–G3) from the Cholesky decomposition across reaction time variability (RTV), reading difficulties (RD) and inattention (IA).

<p>Unstandardised parameter estimates (G1–G3) from the Cholesky decomposition across reaction time variability (RTV), reading difficulties (RD) and inattention (IA).</p

Phenotypic correlations across inattention (IA), hyperactivity-impulsivity (H-I), reading difficulties (RD), reaction time variability (RTV), commission errors (CE), choice impulsivity (CI), digit span forward (DSF) and digit span backward (DSB).

<p>*p<0.01.</p

Unstandardised parameter estimates (G1–G3) from the Cholesky decomposition across digit span forward (DSF), reading difficulties (RD) and inattention (IA).

<p>Unstandardised parameter estimates (G1–G3) from the Cholesky decomposition across digit span forward (DSF), reading difficulties (RD) and inattention (IA).</p

Unstandardised parameter estimates (G1–G3) from the Cholesky decomposition across digit span backward (DSB), reading difficulties (RD) and inattention (IA).

<p>Unstandardised parameter estimates (G1–G3) from the Cholesky decomposition across digit span backward (DSB), reading difficulties (RD) and inattention (IA).</p

A worldwide survey of genome sequence variation provides insight into the evolutionary history of the honeybee Apis mellifera

The honeybee Apis mellifera has major ecological and economic importance. We analyze patterns of genetic variation at 8.3 million SNPs, identified by sequencing 140 honeybee genomes from a worldwide sample of 14 populations at a combined total depth of 634×. These data provide insight into the evolutionary history and genetic basis of local adaptation in this species. We find evidence that population sizes have fluctuated greatly, mirroring historical fluctuations in climate, although contemporary populations have high genetic diversity, indicating the absence of domestication bottlenecks. Levels of genetic variation are strongly shaped by natural selection and are highly correlated with patterns of gene expression and DNA methylation. We identify genomic signatures of local adaptation, which are enriched in genes expressed in workers and in immune system– and sperm motility–related genes that might underlie geographic variation in reproduction, dispersal and disease resistance. This study provides a framework for future investigations into responses to pathogens and climate change in honeybees.Swedish Research Council Formas (grant 2010-1295).http://www.nature.comhb201