4,140 research outputs found
Determinants of Neonatal and Post-neonatal Mortality in Pakistan
Ensuring the survival and well being of children is a concern of families, communities and nations throughout the world. Since the turn of the 20th century infant and child mortality in more developed countries has steadily declined and, currently, has been reduced to almost minimal levels. In contrast, although infant and child mortality has declined in the past three decades in most less developed countries, the pace of change and the magnitude of improvement vary considerably from one country to another. The inverse relationship between socio-economic variables of the parents and infant and child mortality is well established by several studies [Muhuri (1995); Forste (1994); Hobcraft, et al. (1984); Caldwell (1979); Sathar (1985, 1987)] and it holds true irrespective of the overall level of mortality in the national populations [Ruzicka (1989)]. The influence of parental education on infant and child health and mortality has proved to be universally significant [Bicego and Boerma (1993); Caldwell, et al. (1990)]. The father’s education, mother’s education and their work status each have independent effects upon child survival in developing countries [Sandiford, et al. (1995); Forste (1994); Caldwell, et al. (1983)]. Economic conditions of the household also help in explaining the variation in infant and child mortality. The nature of housing, diet, access to and availability of water and sanitary conditions as well as medical attention all depend on the economic conditions of the household. For example, poor families may reside in crowded, unhygienic housing and, thus, suffer from infectious disease associated with inadequate and contaminated water supplies and with poor sanitation [Esrey and Habicht (1986)]. Maternal factors, which are biological attributes of birth, such as the age of mother at the time of childbirth, birth order and birth interval [Forste (1994); Rutstein (1984)], have significant effects on child survival.
Trade Liberalization, Financial Sector Reforms and Growth
This paper empirically investigates the impact of trade and financial liberalization on economic growth in Pakistan using annual observations over the period 1961-2005. The analysis is based on the bound testing approach of cointegration advanced by Pesaran et al (2001). The empirical findings suggest that both trade and financial policies play an important role in enhancing growth in Pakistan in the long-run. However, the short-run response of real deposit rate and trade policy variable is very low, suggesting further acceleration of reform process. The feedback coefficient suggests a very slow rate of adjustment towards long-run equilibrium. The estimated short-run dynamics are stable as indicated by CUSUMQ test.Financial Sector Reforms; Trade Liberalization; Growth; Pakistan
Thidiazuron-induced shoot organogenesis from mature leaf explants of scented Pelargonium capitatum cultivars
Shoot organogenesis from mature leaf tissues
of two scented Pelargonium capitatum cultivars, ‘Attar of
Roses’ and ‘Atomic Snowflake’, grown in the greenhouse,
were optimized in the presence of thidiazuron (TDZ). The
protocol involved preculture of leaf sections on basal
Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with
10 lM TDZ, 4.4 lM of 6-benzyladenine (BA) and 5.4 lM
a-naphtaleneacetic acid (NAA) for a period of 2 weeks and
followed by subculture of explants to a fresh medium
containing 4.4 lM BA and 5.4 lM NAA. Frequency of
regeneration reached approximately 93% for both cultivars,
with the induction of more than 100 shoots per explant.
Regenerated plantlets were rooted on half-strength MS
medium supplemented with 4.4 mM sucrose and 8.6 lM of
Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). All regenerated shoots from
both cultivars developed roots when transferred to organic
soil mix, acclimatized, and successfully transferred to
greenhouse conditions. When regenerated shoots were
transferred to hydroponic conditions, frequency of survival
was 76.2 and 61.9% for ‘Attar of Roses’ and ‘Atomic
Snowflake’, respectively
Behavior and Impact of Zirconium in the Soil–Plant System: Plant Uptake and Phytotoxicity
Because of the large number of sites they pollute, toxic metals that contaminate terrestrial ecosystems are increasingly of environmental and sanitary concern (Uzu et al. 2010, 2011; Shahid et al. 2011a, b, 2012a). Among such metals is zirconium (Zr), which has the atomic number 40 and is a transition metal that resembles titanium in physical and chemical properties (Zaccone et al. 2008). Zr is widely used in many chemical industry processes and in nuclear reactors (Sandoval et al. 2011; Kamal et al. 2011), owing to its useful properties like hardness, corrosion-resistance and permeable to neutrons (Mushtaq 2012). Hence, the recent increased use of Zr by industry, and the occurrence of the Chernobyl and Fukashima catastrophe have enhanced environmental levels in soil and waters (Yirchenko and Agapkina 1993; Mosulishvili et al. 1994 ; Kruglov et al. 1996)
Charged Scalar Pair Production in Strong-Field Photon-Photon Interaction
Following the pioneering work of H. Reiss [1], we provide a covariant
calculation of the charged scalar particle pair production. The calculation is
facilitated by the use of two-dimensional Bessel functions and light-font
coordinates.Comment: 8 page
Novel Edge States in Self-Dual Gravity
In contrast to the Einstein-Hilbert action, the action for self-dual gravity
contains vierbeins. They are eleminated at the level of observables by an
gauge condition implied by the action. We argue that despite
this condition, new "edge" or superselected state vectors corresponding to maps
of the spheres at infinity to arise. They
are characterised by new quantum numbers and they lead to mixed states. For
black holes, they arise both at the horizon and the spatial infinity and may be
relevant for the black hole information paradox. Similar comments can be made
about the Einstein-Palatini action which uses vierbeins.Comment: 15 pages, reference added, some minor notational changes - no changes
in conclusio
Some fixed point results for dualistic rational contractions
[EN] In this paper, we introduce a new contraction called dualistic contraction of rational type and obtain some fixed point results. These results generalize various comparable results appeared in the literature. We provide an example to show the superiority of our results over corresponding fixed point results proved in metric spaces.Nazam, M.; Arshad, M.; Abbas, M. (2016). Some fixed point results for dualistic rational contractions. Applied General Topology. 17(2):199-209. doi:10.4995/agt.2016.5920SWORD19920917
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