Constitución económica, empresa y transformación digital

El concepto de empresa en el país ha sido etéreo en los últimos años, producto de los múltiples cambios que ha tenido que adoptar no solo desde la expedición de la Constitución de 1991, que le incluía un fuerte componente social, sino por las dinámicas del mercado, la globalización y, hoy en día, por la transformación digital. Esto ha llevado a la necesidad de replantear el marco jurídico que la compone y a proponer reformas que respondan a las necesidades sociales y del sector productivo del país

How error correction in the clasroom influences students of the skill development area in the Foreign Language Department at the University of El Salvador to improve their productive english language skills

Learning a foreign language has become a very important tool and a necessity for people nowadays. English, as a foreign language, is not an exception. It is the international exchange language, which means that people use it to communicate around the world. Since English has become very useful, people want to learn it well, so they can have the opportunity to study abroad, to have a better job, to travel, or to know more about cultures worldwide. In order to facilitate the learning of a foreign language, several methodologies and techniques have been proposed and applied according to different contexts, learners’ needs, and their learning capacities throughout the time. The objective of those methodologies is to reinforce the language learning process. As part of this process, Errors can be found; they are inevitable in any learning process and occur when a student uses the language incorrectly. Errors can be mispronounced or misspelled words, sentence structures, or phrases that students have not learned yet. Errors are essential because with them comes correction. Based on this evidence, researchers will present in this study how Error Correction influences to improve their Productive English Language Skills (Speaking and Writing)

Metodología analítica para la determinación de policosanol en tabletas revestidas con dosis de 20 mg

Las tabletas revestidas, con dosis de 20 mg de policosanol, fueron recientemente desarrolladas debido a la necesidad de facilitar la administración de este fármaco a los pacientes que requieren dicha dosis, la cual es la más elevada dosis diaria recomendada.1 Teniendo en cuenta las exigencias actuales de la Industria Farmacéutica en cuanto a la necesidad de contar con un método analítico validado que permita realizar el control de calidad y los estudios de estabilidad a cada nueva forma farmacéutica,2 se adaptó la metodología utilizada en el análisis de las tabletas con dosis de 10 mg de policosanol3 y en estas condiciones se realizó la validación del método para este nuevo producto

Gas chromatographic method for determining very long chain fatty acids that compose D003 in 1 to 10 mg/ml suspensions used in pharmacological and toxicological studies

D003 is a mixture of fatty acids (C240 to C36.0), that shows antiplatelet, antithrombotic and cholesterol-lowering effects in experimental models. A gas chromatographic method using a DB-5 Widebore column and 1-nonadecanoic acid as internal standard was developed and validated in order to determine D003 in the aqueous suspensions, with concentrations from I to 10 mg/mL, used in pharmacological and toxicological studies . Fatty acids were analyzed as methyl esters derivatives, prepared using 5  aqueous HCI-methanol . This  method was specific for D003 determination in these suspensions . The determination of total content of fatty acids showed a CV of 0.39%. The values of the correlation coefficients (r) were higher than that of the acceptation limit (0 .99) for the individual fatty acids and for the total content of them, indicating that correlations weree positives for a probability higher than 99.9%. In the repeatability study the CV for total content of D003 (1.55, 1.68 and 0.62%, respectively) were lower, indicating that the method has repeatability. The inter-mean precision for the total content of fatty acids (CV 1 .47%), demonstrated that the method is reproducible . The average recovery obtained for the total content of acids was greater than 99% for all cases. Also, for all the fatty acids 4,o < tab for a 95% of releability, there were no significant differences between the average recovery and 100%, then, it can be considered that this method is exact. The method was suitable for quality control and stability studies of these suspensions

Metodologías analíticas aplicadas al D003, nuevo ingrediente activo obtenido de la cera de la caña de azúcar

El D003 es un nuevo ingrediente activo, formado por una mezcla de ácidos grasos saturados lineales entre 24 a 36 átomos de carbono, el cual es aislado y purificado a partir de la cera de caña de azúcar (Saccharum officinarum L.) y ha mostrado efecto hipolipemiante, antiagregante plaquetario, anti-oxidante y antiosteopor ótico. A partir de este ingrediente activo se han elaborado suspensiones acuosas para los estudios preclínicos y tabletas con dosis de 5 y 10 mg, todo lo cual ha requerido el desarrollo y validación de metodologías analíticas por cromatograf ía de gases para su determinación en las diferentes formas en que se le utiliza. Estas metodologías se basan en el empleo de una columna semicapilar DB-5 y del ácido 1-nonadecanoico como patrón interno. Los ácidos grasos son analizados como ésteres metílicos, para cuya formación se usa una disolución de ácido clorhídrico al 5 % en metanol. Los resultados de las validaciones demostraron que estas metodolog ías son específicas, al no haber interferencias de otros componentes en las señales de los ácidos grasos, ni siquiera al someter previamente los productos a condiciones extremas de degradación. Estas metodologías también resultaron lineales (coeficientes de correlación > 0,99) y exactas (recobrados totales entre 99,6 y 100,3 %) entre el 50 y el 150 % de las masas nominales. La repetibilidad, precisión intermedia y reproducibilidad en las determinaciones presentaron coeficientes de variación < 2,1 %

Stability studies of film-coated tablets containing 5 mg of D-003 as active ingredient

D-003 is a new under research drug with potential use for preventing or treating atherothrombotic diseases. This product is made up of a mixture of very high molecular weight aliphatic acids (C24:0 to C36:0) purified from sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum, L.) wax. The aim of this study was to determine the stability of the proposed formulation of D-003 5 mg film-coated tablets, following International Harmonization Conference guidelines for knowing their possible specifications change on storage conditions and for predicting their expiration date. Specifications such as D-003 content, color, tablet weight, hardness, disintegration time, and microbial content were assessed. Stress testing included acid hydrolysis, thermolysis, oxidation and photolysis. In addition, accelerated studies under drastic conditions: 40 oC and 75 % of relative humidity (RH) as well as long-term studies (48 months) at conditions of Climatic Zones IV (30 oC and 70 % RH) and II (25 oC and 60 % RH) were also conducted using three batches. Tablets were crushed to a fine powder and the active ingredient with chloroform was extracted in a hot way. The acids were converted to methyl esters and in a BP-5 wide-bore capillary column by gas chromatography were analyzed. Quantification by the internal standard method, using 1-nonacosanoic acid was carried out and peaks purity by gas chromatography - mass spectrometry was confirmed. No significant changes or trends either on the content of D-003 or on other specifications were found in any study

Gestos, tecnologías y sociedades: Tendencias y emergencias en tiempos de pospandemia

La tecnología hace parte de la humanidad como el medio con el cual la sociedad externaliza, apropia y articulasu existencia con los territorios y otras especies. Su fuerza instrumental responde a unas adaptaciones que en el último siglo han consolidado una relación de interdependencia con la aparatología al tiempo que se han modificado ritmos, lenguajes y formas de concebir la realidad. La tecnología se ha convertido en un agente inherente de la sociedad, y es uno de los factores que afecta y cambia el comportamiento humano y las dinámicas sociales, muestra de esto se evidenció en la pandemia del Coronavirus. Periodo en donde el Estado, la industria, la salud, la educación, etc., reinventaron sus procesos para dar continuidad a la estructura de la vida cotidiana

Memoria del II Coloquio Internacional sobre Diversidad Cultural y Estudios Regionales

Desde la Sede de Occidente y, específicamente, en el seno de la Coordinación de Investigación y con el apoyo de la Dirección de la Sede y las Coordinaciones de Docencia, Administración y Acción Social, así como de la Vicerrectoría de Investigación, se han celebrado en el 2011 y en el 2012 dos coloquios internacionales sobre diversidad cultural y estudios regionales. El propósito de ambos consistió principalmente en motivar a investigadores e investigadoras de las distintas unidades académicas de la Universidad de Costa Rica y de otras instituciones de Educación Superior, así como a representantes de Centros e Institutos de Investigación nacionales e internacionales, a presentar resultados de investigaciones que contribuyeran a un mayor conocimiento de los procesos culturales y que dieran a conocer resultados que permitieran la comprensión de las realidades de distintos sectores y regiones. En el 2011 se presentaron cuarenta y seis ponencias y se dictaron tres conferencias magistrales, y en el 2012 se expusieron cincuenta ponencias y se impartieron tres conferencias magistrales.UCR::Sedes Regionales::Sede de Occidente::Recinto San Ramón::Centro de Investigaciones sobre Diversidad Cultural y Estudios Regionales (CIDICER

Termite sensitivity to temperature affects global wood decay rates.

Deadwood is a large global carbon store with its store size partially determined by biotic decay. Microbial wood decay rates are known to respond to changing temperature and precipitation. Termites are also important decomposers in the tropics but are less well studied. An understanding of their climate sensitivities is needed to estimate climate change effects on wood carbon pools. Using data from 133 sites spanning six continents, we found that termite wood discovery and consumption were highly sensitive to temperature (with decay increasing >6.8 times per 10°C increase in temperature)-even more so than microbes. Termite decay effects were greatest in tropical seasonal forests, tropical savannas, and subtropical deserts. With tropicalization (i.e., warming shifts to tropical climates), termite wood decay will likely increase as termites access more of Earth's surface

Time to Switch to Second-line Antiretroviral Therapy in Children With Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Europe and Thailand.

Background: Data on durability of first-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) in children with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are limited. We assessed time to switch to second-line therapy in 16 European countries and Thailand. Methods: Children aged <18 years initiating combination ART (≥2 nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors [NRTIs] plus nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor [NNRTI] or boosted protease inhibitor [PI]) were included. Switch to second-line was defined as (i) change across drug class (PI to NNRTI or vice versa) or within PI class plus change of ≥1 NRTI; (ii) change from single to dual PI; or (iii) addition of a new drug class. Cumulative incidence of switch was calculated with death and loss to follow-up as competing risks. Results: Of 3668 children included, median age at ART initiation was 6.1 (interquartile range (IQR), 1.7-10.5) years. Initial regimens were 32% PI based, 34% nevirapine (NVP) based, and 33% efavirenz based. Median duration of follow-up was 5.4 (IQR, 2.9-8.3) years. Cumulative incidence of switch at 5 years was 21% (95% confidence interval, 20%-23%), with significant regional variations. Median time to switch was 30 (IQR, 16-58) months; two-thirds of switches were related to treatment failure. In multivariable analysis, older age, severe immunosuppression and higher viral load (VL) at ART start, and NVP-based initial regimens were associated with increased risk of switch. Conclusions: One in 5 children switched to a second-line regimen by 5 years of ART, with two-thirds failure related. Advanced HIV, older age, and NVP-based regimens were associated with increased risk of switch