The development of downtown Winnipeg : historical perspectives on decline and revitalization

Report: viii, 200 p., maps, digital fileThis report examines the ancestry of some of the current major policy concerns relating to Winnipeg's downtown area. These policy concerns are among the foci of the Core Area Initiative (CAl) program presently in operation in Winnipeg. The CAl is an attempt by the federal, provincial and municipal governments to revitalize Winnipeg's Core Area through a five-year public expenditure program totalling $96 million. The report traces the development of housing/residential issues; central business district (CBD) issues-- retail, commercial and industrial; and urban and municipal planning issues. The impact of various historic forces leading to diffusion of activity throughout an overly large downtown area is examined, as is the dispersion of CBD functions to suburban areas. The resulting failure of the redevelopment process in the downtown area is seen as a major source of the contemporary problems which stimulated the CAl in the area. The resolution of these contemporary problems requires that the behaviour patterns stimulated by these historic forces be altered to reflect changed times. Until this need for change is widely accepted, it is unlikely that the downtown of Winnipeg will be fully revitalized

Housing in Saskatchewan : seminar summary

[viii], 75 p. : charts ; 28 cm

Housing in Manitoba : seminar summary

vi, 31, [32] p. : ill., 1 map ; 28 cm

Housing in Alberta : seminar summary

vii, 84 p. : charts

The Neighbourhood Improvement Program, 1973-1983 : a national review of an intergovernmental initiative

vi, 95 p

The development of the urban-rural fringe : a literature review

56 p. : map ; 28 cm

Community economic development : an approach for urban-based economies

vi, 203 p

Connecting Rights and Reality in Educational Research with Children and Young People: Democratising Research Ethics Processes

In 2022, the European Year of Youth, and in the wake of the global COVID-19 pandemic, it is more important than ever to reconsider the processes that we, in the field of educational research with children and young people, adopt in our research. The new EU Strategy on the Rights of the Child and the European Child Guarantee (European Commission, 2021 a and b) are key European Commission policies aimed to “better protect all children, to help them fulfil their rights and to place them right at the centre of EU policy making”. Participation in political and democratic life is the first thematic area of the Strategy, emphasising the need for Article 12 of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (United Nations, 1989) to be taken seriously, with children and young people (CYP) able to act as agents of change in policy making and legislative decision-making processes that affect them. It is the ability of children and young people to act as agents of change within research that we are particularly addressing in this paper. The decision to foreground the right of CYP to participate in and change EU policymaking is welcome, particularly for those working on more participatory approaches to research with CYP. However, this paper suggests that, whilst our own research methodologies may set out to work more democratically with CYP as partners, co-researchers and co-authors, there is a tension between the rights we wish to support and the reality of protectionist research ethics policies and processes in educational research. The European Year of Youth 2022 explicitly recognises the challenges that children and young people have faced during the pandemic. However, children and young people are not passive victims. Recently, it has been impossible to ignore the ways in which so many children and young people have emerged as powerful educators. Our youngest citizens have been at the forefront of protests regarding Black Lives Matter and systemic racism, climate change, and gender violence. They have led to a variety of policy changes at local and national levels and have generated conversations across the generations about desirable futures and the importance of making change happen. CYP have thus shown us that it is vital that educational research enables CYP to have more than ‘a voice’ and to recognise and support children’s and young people’s power to initiate, develop and lead change that can create more inclusive, socially just futures for us all . Yet, in spite of EU policy decisions, without the democratisation of educational research ethics processes, we are left with an unresolved “wicked problem” (Cuevas-Parras, 2020) where ethics processes are still based on notions of research that “does to” (Ferlazzo, 2011) rather than “does with” CYP, making it difficult to develop models of democratic research with CYP as co-producers, researchers and authors on matters of research that affect them. Using examples from our research and practice, this paper uses relational (Holland et al, 1998) and democratic (Rancière, 2010, 2014) theories to highlight the need to connect rights and reality in educational research with CYP. We argue for the adoption of more democratic, inclusive and equitable ethics processes that can explicitly support CYP to recognise and exercise their fundamental right to participate in matters that affect them (United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1989). Educational research ethics processes should reflect CYP’s position in this type of research as “front and centre as subjects of rights, subjects of learning, and competent social actors, able to shape their educational environments” ((Cuevas-Parras, 2020). However, such an approach is disruptive to institutional behaviour and power relationships. Methodology, Methods, Research Instruments or Sources Used We will analyse two case studies through the theoretical lenses of relational and democratic theory. The first case study is a participatory research project working with pupils to explore, challenge and change toilet policy and practice in an English secondary school. The second example is an international comparative study that explores place conscious education initiatives in Barcelona, Berlin, New York and Rio de Janeiro. The research examines policy and practice in education that actively encourages CYP’s engagement with the locality. In the latter stages of the project, CYP are supported to develop an exhibition or event where they give their own ideas and opinions on how education can help make their city a fairer place – and what they would like policymakers to do. The two research case studies involve qualitative research projects with CYP where researchers wanted to foreground the experiences and expertise of CYP and to work with CYP as co-researchers and co-producers of research outputs on issues that affect them. We wished to work with children in an act of “knowledge creation rather than knowledge extraction” (Clarke, 2018, p18). Co-creating knowledge is vital if we are to further democracy and the ability of CYP to further democracy by shaping the world. This requires a move away from extracting and colonising voice in a move to uphold the status quo to affording more agentic disruptive methodologies (Tuck and Yang, 2014). Research projects giving voice to children and specifically democratic in nature, often run into trouble at the ethics committee stage. Children are commonly seen as vulnerable, unreliable witnesses who need protecting from adults and also themselves, often rendering the unable to take part in research. As Kate Brown (2017) argues, CYP have been vulnerabilised through a move towards protection and governance, and away from relating and human agency. In a bid to maintain the innocence of the child (albeit an unreliable child) the concept of the political child is forbidden. To unpick these thorny tensions between apparent common-sense safeguarding of CYP, and diminishing democratic agency, it is necessary to consider ontologies and epistemologies. How do we consider our research subjects and their abilities and rights to change the world? How do we value co-created knowledge and the resulting challenges such work might present? As we address these questions, we are then able to look to the implications for institutional ethical guidelines and practices. Conclusions, Expected Outcomes or Findings Our research demonstrates that, whilst ethical approval processes were straightforward with our research involving adults, they proved challenging when seeking permission for CYP to be explicitly acknowledged as co-researchers and agents of change. Ethics committee definitions of research with CYP were based on interventionist, scientific and individualistic approaches that sought to “do to’ CYP, rather than the relational, democratic and participatory approaches that inform this research. We wish to make the case that reflecting upon the issues that arise during “ethics in practice” (Guillemin and Gillam, 2004, p. 269) is essential in connecting rights and reality in educational research with CYP. More needs to be done to theorise research ethics differently, relationally and democratically. Using relational theory (Holland et al, 1998) can be used to help better understand CYP and researcher participant identities in research ethics contexts and to what extent the research relationships are being constituted to generate ‘relational goods’, such as interpersonal trust, emotional support, care and social influence, (Cordelli, 2015) that are required for a more reciprocal relationship between the researcher and CYP. In addition, Rancière’s (2010; 2014) thinking around dissensus reminds us that disruption to the common sense is necessary if we are to further democracy. Our findings show that connecting rights and reality in educational research with CYP requires theoretical approaches that challenge notions of the child or young person as “the not yet” (Biesta, 2011, p543 ) positioning children and young people as ‘citizens of now’, who need to be actively engaged in emancipatory discussions and debates on research ethical processes that affect them. References Bell, N. (2008) Ethics in child research: rights, reason and responsibilities, Children's Geographies, 6:1, 7-20, Biesta, G. and Säfström, C.A. (2011) A manifesto for education. Policy Futures in Education 9(5):540–547. Brown. K. 2017. Vulnerability and young people: care and social control in policy and practice. Bristol. Policy Press. Clarke. A. 2017. Listening to young children: a guide to understanding and using the mosaic approach. 3rd Edition. London. Jessica Kingsley. Cordelli, C, (2015),'Justice as Fairness and Relational Resources', Journal of Political Philosophy 23, 86-110 Cuevas-Parra, D. (2020, October 28). The rights of children in education. EERA Blog. https://blog.eera-ecer.de/rights-children-education/ European Commission (2021 a) Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions: EU strategy on the rights of the child Brussels, 24.3.2021 COM(2021) 142. Available online here: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52021DC0142 European Commission (2021 b) Council Recommendation establishing a European Child Guarantee. Brussels, 14.06.2021 EU 2021/1004. Available online here: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv%3AOJ.L_.2021.223.01.0014.01.ENG&toc=OJ%3AL%3A2021%3A223%3ATOC Ferlazzo, L. (2011) Involvement or engagement? Educational Leadership, 68(8), 10-14. Guillemin, M. and Gillam, L., 2004. Ethics, Reflexivity, and “Ethically Important Moments” in Research. Qualitative Inquiry, 10(2), pp.261-280. Holland D., Lachicotte W. Jr., Skinner D., & Cain C. (1998). Identity and agency in cultural worlds. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Rancière, J. 2010. Dissensus on politics and aesthetics, London, Continuum. Rancière, J. 2014. Hatred of democracy, London, Verso Tuck, E. and Yang, K.W. (2014) R-words: refusing research. In: Paris, D. and Winn, M.T. eds. Humanizing research: decolonizing qualitative inquiry with youth and communities. London, Sage, pp. 223–248. United Nations Children’s Fund UK. (1989). The United Nations convention on the rights of the child. Available at: https://downloads.unicef.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/UNCRC_PRESS200910web.pdf?_ga=2.78590034.795419542.1582474737-1972578648.158247473

Pathways to diagnosis of non-small cell lung cancer: a descriptive cohort study

Little has been published on the diagnostic and referral pathway for lung cancer in Australia. This study set out to quantify general practitioner (GP) and lung specialist attendance and diagnostic imaging in the lead-up to a diagnosis of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and identify common pathways to diagnosis in New South Wales (NSW), Australia. We used linked health data for participants of the 45 and Up Study (a NSW population-based cohort study) diagnosed with NSCLC between 2006 and 2012. Our main outcome measures were GP and specialist attendances, X-rays and computed tomography (CT) scans of the chest and lung cancer-related hospital admissions. Among our study cohort (N = 894), 60% (n = 536) had ≥4 GP attendances in the 3 months prior to diagnosis of NSCLC, 56% (n = 505) had GP-ordered imaging (chest X-ray or CT scan), 39% (N = 349) attended a respiratory physician and 11% (N = 102) attended a cardiothoracic surgeon. The two most common pathways to diagnosis, accounting for one in three people, included GP and lung specialist (respiratory physician or cardiothoracic surgeon) involvement. Overall, 25% of people (n = 223) had an emergency hospital admission. For 14% of people (N = 129), an emergency hospital admission was the only event identified on the pathway to diagnosis. We found little effect of remoteness of residence on access to services. This study identified a substantial proportion of people with NSCLC being diagnosed in an emergency setting. Further research is needed to establish whether there were barriers to the timely diagnosis of these cases