Labeling, rehearsal, and short-term memory in retarded children

A short-term memory task was used to explore the effects of verbal labeling and rehearsal on serial-position recall in mildly retarded 9- to 11-year-old children. A stimulus array consisting of seven cards depicting familiar animals was presented for seven trials. In Expt I, recall when subjects labeled the pictures as they were shown was compared to recall when no labeling occurred. Total recall was not affected, but for the older CA group primacy recall was hindered and recency recall was facilitated by labeling. In Expt II, three variations of rehearsal of the names to be recalled were compared. When prompting accompanied rehearsal, recall improved at both recency and primacy positions. When prompting occurred for the primacy positions only, recall was higher for these positions but not for other positions. These results support the view that verbal skills affect recall in mildly retarded children similarly to normal children.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/22264/1/0000701.pd

THE IMPACT OF NATIONAL DATA NETWORKS ON FIRM PERFORMANCE AND MARKET STRUCTURE

An open data network is one that allows firms to exchange information with outside entities, and a national data network is one that provides virtually universal access, interconnecting most businesses and private citizens in a country. Establishing a national data network is very costly and must be justified by its economic, service, and societal impact. France with its Teletel system is close to having a national data network, whereas the United States is not. Using data from 619 businesses in France and the United States we examine several claims: 1) open networks have improve firms' productivity, efficiency, and quality of service; 2) national open networks allow relationships among firms to be based on an electronic marketplace; and 3) national open networks differentially benefit small and medium sized firms. The results show that firms using open networks are more efficient and profitable and have more stable relationships with their customers. The natural advantage that large firms have to exploit new technology has been moderated in France, since small and medium-sized firms who used the national network have gained the same advantages as large firms. However, even in France, the use of open networks by the general population of firms is still relatively low, thus arguing for a long diffusion constant for the beneficial effects of open networks.Information Systems Working Papers Serie