4 research outputs found

    MetsasÔbra meelespea

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    Hea lugeja! Hoiad kĂ€es Eestimaa Looduse Fondis koostatud raamatut meie metsade loodusest. Raamatu eesmĂ€rk on pakkuda taustateadmisi inimestele, kes teevad vĂ”i plaanivad metsas raietöid. Olgu see langetustraktori roolis istuv metsatööline, mootorsaage kĂ€es hoidev talumetsamajandaja vĂ”i hoopis enamiku ajast kontorilaua taga istuv erametsa omanik. Raamat annab ĂŒlevaate erinevatest liikidest, aitab neid Ă€ra tunda ja otsustada, kuidas metsa raiuda nii, et see metsaelanikele kĂ”ige sobivam oleks. Raamatu eessĂ”na on kirjutanud metsaökoloogia professor Kalev JĂ”giste, kes annab metsas toimetavale inimesele laiema, lausa globaalse vaate selle kohta, millise vÀÀrtusega on loodusliku mitmekesisuse sĂ€ilitamine igal metsalapil. Raamatu sisupeatĂŒkkide kirjutamise juures pĂŒĂŒdsime vĂ€lja tuua kĂ”ige olulisema ja praktilisema teadmise, selleks on meil abiks olnud liigieksperdid ja loodusteadlased nii ĂŒlikoolidest kui ka keskkonnaorganisatsioonidest. PeatĂŒkkide lĂ”pus ja raamatu kokkuvĂ”ttes on antud soovitusi metsas raietööde tegemiseks. Loodame, et raamat aitab kaasa metsaliikide hingeelu paremale mĂ”istmisele ja sellele, et mĂ”istmise kaudu paraneksid ka liikide eluvĂ”imalused Eesti metsas. Eestimaa Looduse Fond on huvitatud raamatu kasutajate tagasisidest ja koostööst metsamajandajatega metsaliikide kaitseks. Ootame teie mĂ”tteid ja ettepanekuid e-posti aadressil [email protected]. Suurt lugemishuvi soovides Indrek Sell, Eestimaa Looduse Fondi metsaekspert; Silvia Lotman, Eestimaa Looduse Fondi juhatuse esimees.EessĂ”na. Meid ĂŒmbritsev loodus ja ökoloogiline teadmine selle kohta on omandanud keskse koha inimese eksistentsiaalsetes kĂŒsimustes. Inimtegevuse mĂ”ju loodusele on sageli ĂŒsna hĂ€vitav, inimese elamisruum ja vajadus metsasaaduste jĂ€rele suruvad looduslikku maailma tahaplaanile. Globaliseerumine on omandanud sellise ulatuse, et suur osa inimtegevusest muutub tulevikus standardiseerituks. See haarab ka materjalivajadust – arenenud tehnoloogiad kasutavad loodusvarasid viisil, mis aina kaugendab inimest otsesest kokkupuutest loodusega. Isegi raietöid tegev metsatööline vaatab ĂŒmbritsevale maailmale konditsioneeritud harvesterikabiinist. Virtuaalne maailm lubab suure osa looduse infost talletada ja kasutatav teadmine piirdub vaid sellega, mida meil vaja on. Paraku kĂ€ib standardsete tehnoloogiatega kaasas ka vajadus sĂŒsteeme lihtsustada, et hoida tehnoloogiad lihtsad ja odavad. Kas aga see lihtne ja odav alati tagab meie eksistentsi? Energiavajadus on kĂ€ivitanud protsessi, kus kogu meie kasutatav energia ei lĂ€he oma vanasse kohta tagasi, vaid otsib uue koha, viies senitoiminud sĂŒsteemid tasakaalust vĂ€lja. Kindlasti asub loodus ise tasakaalu otsima, kuidas see aga mĂ”jutab inimest ja mis juhtub siis, kui uus tasakaalupunkt on meie jaoks midagi hoopis erinevat senituntud loodusest? Metsade hĂ€iringuid on vaadeldud kui ahelreaktsioone: inimese vallandatud tegurid kĂ€ivitavad uut tĂŒĂŒpi hĂ€iringureĆŸiimid, mis omakorda suurendavad sĂŒsiniku paiskumist atmosfÀÀri (tulekahjud, tormid). Mida me saaksime teha, et selle pendli liikumist aeglustada ja toimida nii, et see tasakaalust vĂ€ga palju vĂ€lja ei langeks? Peame otsima neid loodusliku dĂŒnaamika elemente, mis leevendavad meie otsest ja ka kaudset mĂ”ju ökosĂŒsteemile. Kaasaja sertifi tseeritud metsamajanduses on eriliselt rĂ”hutatud sĂ€ilikelementide olulisust taastuvale metsaökosĂŒsteemile. SĂ€ilikpuud ja lamapuit pakuvad elupaika tuhandetele liikidele, juhul kui toimub drastiline muutus ökosĂŒsteemis. Ja isegi siis, kui muutus on suure ulatuse ja pikaajalise mĂ”juga, on vĂ”imalik looduslikul vastusmehhanismil oma tarkust rakendada. Raamatus on kirjeldatud palju haruldasi liike, mida mitmekesisuse tagamiseks on vaja kaitsta. Just mitmekesisust on meil vaja, et astuda vastu sageli raskesti ennustatavale tulevikule. Sellele aitab kaasa ka looduslĂ€hedane metsamajandus, mis sĂ€ilitab loodusele lĂ€hedasi muutuste vastusmehhanisme. Kalev JĂ”giste, metsaökoloogia professorRaamat on valminud projekti „ELFi ja teiste keskkonnaĂŒhenduste metsanduspoliitikaalase eestkostesuutlikkuse tĂ”stmine“ raames, projekti rahastas Euroopa Majanduspiirkonna 2009–2014 toetuste VabaĂŒhenduste Fond Avatud Eesti Fondi vahendusel

    Pan-European Distribution of White-Nose Syndrome Fungus (Geomyces destructans) Not Associated with Mass Mortality

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    BACKGROUND: The dramatic mass mortalities amongst hibernating bats in Northeastern America caused by "white nose-syndrome" (WNS) continue to threaten populations of different bat species. The cold-loving fungus, Geomyces destructans, is the most likely causative agent leading to extensive destruction of the skin, particularly the wing membranes. Recent investigations in Europe confirmed the presence of the fungus G. destructans without associated mass mortality in hibernating bats in six countries but its distribution remains poorly known. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We collected data on the presence of bats with white fungal growth in 12 countries in Europe between 2003 and 2010 and conducted morphological and genetic analysis to confirm the identity of the fungus as Geomyces destructans. Our results demonstrate the presence of the fungus in eight countries spanning over 2000 km from West to East and provide compelling photographic evidence for its presence in another four countries including Romania, and Turkey. Furthermore, matching prevalence data of a hibernaculum monitored over two consecutive years with data from across Europe show that the temporal occurrence of the fungus, which first becomes visible around February, peaks in March but can still be seen in some torpid bats in May or June, is strikingly similar throughout Europe. Finally, we isolated and cultured G. destructans from a cave wall adjacent to a bat with fungal growth. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: G. destructans is widely found over large areas of the European continent without associated mass mortalities in bats, suggesting that the fungus is native to Europe. The characterisation of the temporal variation in G. destructans growth on bats provides reference data for studying the spatio-temporal dynamic of the fungus. Finally, the presence of G. destructans spores on cave walls suggests that hibernacula could act as passive vectors and/or reservoirs for G. destructans and therefore, might play an important role in the transmission process

    Pan-European Distribution of White-Nose Syndrome Fungus (Geomyces destructans) Not Associated with Mass Mortality

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    The dramatic mass mortalities amongst hibernating bats in Northeastern America caused by “white nose-syndrome” (WNS) continue to threaten populations of different bat species. The cold-loving fungus, Geomyces destructans, is the most likely causative agent leading to extensive destruction of the skin, particularly the wing membranes. Recent investigations in Europe confirmed the presence of the fungus G. destructans without associated mass mortality in hibernating bats in six countries but its distribution remains poorly known. We collected data on the presence of bats with white fungal growth in 12 countries in Europe between 2003 and 2010 and conducted morphological and genetic analysis to confirm the identity of the fungus as Geomyces destructans. Our results demonstrate the presence of the fungus in eight countries spanning over 2000 km from West to East and provide compelling photographic evidence for its presence in another four countries including Romania, and Turkey. Furthermore, matching prevalence data of a hibernaculum monitored over two consecutive years with data from across Europe show that the temporal occurrence of the fungus, which first becomes visible around February, peaks in March but can still be seen in some torpid bats in May or June, is strikingly similar throughout Europe. Finally, we isolated and cultured G. destructans from a cave wall adjacent to a bat with fungal growth. G. destructans is widely found over large areas of the European continent without associated mass mortalities in bats, suggesting that the fungus is native to Europe. The characterisation of the temporal variation in G. destructans growth on bats provides reference data for studying the spatio-temporal dynamic of the fungus. Finally, the presence of G. destructans spores on cave walls suggests that hibernacula could act as passive vectors and/or reservoirs for G. destructans and therefore, might play an important role in the transmission process
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