Developmental Defects of Enamel in Primary Teeth and Association with Early Life Course Events: A Study of 6--36 Month old Children in Manyara, Tanzania.

Children with low birth weight show an increased prevalence of developmental defects of enamel in the primary dentition that subsequently may predispose to early childhood caries (ECC).Focusing 6--36 months old, the purpose of this study was to assess the frequency of enamel defects in the primary dentition and identify influences of early life course factors; socio-demographics, birth weight, child's early illness episodes and mothers' perceived size of the child at birth, whilst controlling for more recent life course events in terms of current breastfeeding and oral hygiene. A cross-sectional study was conducted in the high fluoride area of Manyara, northern Tanzania including 1221 child-mother pairs who attended Reproductive and Child Health (RCH) clinics for immunization and/or growth monitoring. After the primary caregivers had completed face to face interviews at the health care facility, children underwent oral clinical examination whereby ECC and developmental defects of enamel were recorded using field criteria. All erupted teeth were examined and the enamel defects were assessed on buccal surfaces according to the modified DDE Index. The prevalence of enamel defects was 33.3%. Diffuse opacities were the most common defects identified (23.1%), followed by hypoplasia (7.6%) and demarcated opacities (5.0%). The most frequently affected teeth were the upper central incisors (29.0% - 30.5%), whereas lower central incisors (4.3% to 4.5%) were least frequently affected. Multiple logistic regression analysis, adjusting for confounding the factors revealed that having normal birth weight (equal or more than 2500 g) associated with lower odds of having enamel hypoplasia [OR 0.22 (95% CI 0.1-0.7)]. No statistically significant association occurred between birth weight and diffuse opacities, demarcated opacities or combined DDE. Children with the history of low birth weight were more likely than their normal birth weight counterparts to present with enamel hypoplasia. In view of the frequent occurrence of enamel defects and the fact that hypoplasia may constitute a risk factor for future ECC, enamel defects should be included as a dental health indicator in epidemiological studies of children in northern Tanzania

A comparison of photographic, replication and direct clinical examination methods for detecting developmental defects of enamel

Different methods have been used for detecting developmental defects of enamel (DDE). This study aimed to compare photographic and replication methods with the direct clinical examination method for detecting DDE in children's permanent incisors

Morbidade materna extremamente grave: uso do Sistema de Informação Hospitalar

OBJETIVO: Estimar la prevalencia de la morbilidad materna extremadamente grave e identificar procedimientos hospitalarios asociados. MÉTODOS: Se utilizaron datos del Sistema de Información Hospitalario suministrados por la Secretaria de Salud de Juiz de Fora, Sureste de Brasil, de 2006 a 2007. Se seleccionaron las internaciones para procedimientos obstétricos (n=8.620 mujeres) cuyo diagnóstico principal comprendía todo el capítulo XV, embarazo, parto y puerperio, de la Clasificación Estadística Internacional de Enfermedades y Problemas Relacionados con la Salud, Decima Revisión. Se identificaron los códigos de los procedimientos realizados, procedimientos especiales y actos profesionales que pudiesen contemplar el criterio de morbilidad materna extremadamente grave de la Organización Mundial de la Salud y otros procedimientos habitualmente no utilizados en el período embarazo-puerperio. El análisis de regresión logística fue utilizado para identificar asociaciones entre desenlace y variables seleccionadas. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia de morbilidad materna fue 37,8/1000 mujeres y la proporción de mortalidad fue 12/100.000 mujeres. El tiempo de internación >; 4 días fue 13 veces más alto entre las mujeres que presentaron alguna morbilidad. Posterior al análisis ajustado, los factores predictores de morbilidad materna extremadamente grave fueron: tiempo de internación, número de internaciones e hijos nati-muertos y los procedimientos/condiciones más frecuentes fueron la transfusión de hemoderivados (15,7/1.000), "permanencia en internación" (9,5/1.000) y pre-eclampsia grave/eclampsia (8,2/1.000). CONCLUSIONES: Fue alta la prevalencia de morbilidad materna extremadamente grave, principalmente en lo concerniente a las internaciones y variables relacionadas con el recién nacido. El criterio para identificación de los casos y el uso del Sistema de Informaciones Hospitalarios se mostraron útiles para la vigilancia de la morbimortalidad materna y para ampliar el conocimiento sobre los aspectos que las involucran, contribuyendo en la mejoría en la calidad de la asistencia a la mujer en el período embarazo-puerperio.OBJETIVO: Estimar a prevalência da morbidade materna extremamente grave e identificar procedimentos hospitalares associados. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados dados do Sistema de Informação Hospitalar fornecidos pela Secretaria de Saúde de Juiz de Fora, MG, de 2006 a 2007. Foram selecionadas as internações para procedimentos obstétricos (n = 8.620 mulheres) cujo diagnóstico principal compreendia todo o capítulo XV, gravidez, parto e puerpério, da Classificação Estatística Internacional de Doenças e Problemas Relacionados à Saúde, Décima Revisão. Foram identificados os códigos dos procedimentos realizados, procedimentos especiais e atos profissionais que pudessem contemplar o critério de morbidade materna extremamente grave da Organização Mundial da Saúde e outros procedimentos não habitualmente utilizados no período gravídico-puerperal. A análise de regressão logística foi utilizada para identificar associações entre desfecho e variáveis selecionadas. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de morbidade materna foi 37,8/1000 mulheres e a proporção de mortalidade foi 12/100.000 mulheres. O tempo de internação >; 4 dias foi 13 vezes mais alto entre as mulheres que apresentaram alguma morbidade. Após análise ajustada, os fatores preditores de morbidade materna extremamente grave foram: tempo de internação, número de internações e filhos natimortos, e os procedimentos/condições mais frequentes foram a transfusão de hemoderivados (15,7/1.000), "permanência a maior" (9,5/1.000) e pré-eclâmpsia grave/eclâmpsia (8,2/1.000). CONCLUSÕES: Foi alta a prevalência de morbidade materna extremamente grave, associada principalmente às internações e variáveis relacionadas ao recém-nascido. O critério para identificação dos casos e o uso do Sistema de Informações Hospitalares mostraram-se úteis para a vigilância da morbimortalidade materna e para ampliar o conhecimento sobre os aspectos que a envolvem, contribuindo para a melhoria na qualidade da assistência à mulher no período gravídico-puerperal.OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of severe acute maternal morbitidy and identify its associated hospital procedures. METHODS: Data from the Hospital Information System, obtained from the Municipal Secretariat of Health of the city of Juiz de Fora, Southeastern Brazil, for the years 2006 and 2007, were used. The studied women included those admitted to the hospital for obstetric procedures (n = 8,620), and whose primary diagnosis was included within chapter XV: pregnancy, childbirth and puerperium of the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision. Codes for routine procedures, special procedures, and professional acts that fulfilled the World Health Organization's criteria for severe acute maternal morbidity were identified, as well as other procedures infrequently employed during pregnancy and the postnatal period. Logistic regression analysis was employed to identify associations between the outcome and selected variables. RESULTS: Prevalence of maternal morbidity was 37.8/1000 women, and that of mortality was 12/100,000 women. Hospitalization for more than 4 days was 13 times more frequent among women with some form of morbidity. After adjustment, predictors of severe acute maternal morbidity were: duration of hospitalization, number of hospitalizations, and still births, and the most frequent procedures and conditions were blood product transfusions (15.7/1,000), "extended stay" (9.5/1.000) and severe pre-eclampsia/eclampsia (8.2/1,000). CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of severe acute maternal morbidity was high, and was related especially to hospitalization and to newborn variables. The criterion for identifying cases and the use of the National Hospital Information System proved to be useful for monitoring maternal morbidity and mortality and increasing our knowledge of its related aspects, contributing to the improvement of the quality of pregnancy and delivery care

Developmental enamel defects and their impact on child oral health-related quality of life

This cross-sectional study assessed the impact of Developmental Enamel Defects (DED) on Child Oral Health-Related Quality of Life (COHRQoL). A sample of 944 11- to 14-year-old Brazilian schoolchildren was examined for the prevalence and severity of DED. The children completed the Child Perceptions Questionnaire (CPQ11-14), and socioeconomic status was also collected using a questionnaire. Poisson regression models were used to assess the association between DED and overall and domain-specific CPQ11-14 scores. The prevalence of DED was 19.7%. In general, children with DED did not indicate any decrease in self-perception. However, this condition was associated with an impact on the functional limitation domain. The presence of DED may cause negative impacts on a child's perception of oral health and on their daily performance

Prenatal and neonatal variables associated with enamel hypoplasia in deciduous teeth in low birth weight preterm infants

This study investigated possible prenatal and neonatal variables that may influence the prevalence of tooth enamel hypoplasia in preterm and low birth weight children (LBW) and a matched control group of term children with normal birth weight (NBW). The study sample consisted of 61 children born preterm and with LBW examined at 18-34 months of age. The control group was formed by 61 infants born full term and with NBW examined at 31-35 months of age. All children were born at the Center of Integrated Attention of Women's Health (CAISM-UNICAMP). FDI criteria were followed for dental examination. Medical data was collected retrospectively from hospital records. Among preterms, 57.4% had some type of developmental defects of enamel (DDE), 52.5 % had opacities and 21.3 % presented hypoplasia. Among full-term children, 24.6% presented DDE, 24.6% had opacities and 3.3% had hypoplasia. LBW preterm infants presented a higher prevalence of hypoplasia than NBW controls. The deciduous teeth most affected by hypoplasia were maxillary incisors. There was no significant association with prenatal variables; among neonatal variables there was a significant association with respiratory distress syndrome and neurological examination at discharge with an altered result

Prevalence of enamel defects and associated risk factors in both dentitions in preterm and full term born children

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of enamel defects and their risk factors on primary and permanent dentitions of prematurely born children and full-term born children born at Regional Hospital of Asa Sul, Brasília, DF, Brazil. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Eighty 5-10-year-old children of both genders were examined, being 40 born prematurely (G1) and 40 born full term (G2). The demographic variables, medical history and oral health behaviors were retrieved using a questionnaire and data obtained from clinical examination were recorded. The teeth were examined and the presence of enamel defects was diagnosed according to the DDE Index and registered in odontograms. Subsequently, the defects were categorized in four groups according to one of the criteria proposed in 1992 by the FDI Commission on Oral Health, Research and Epidemiology. Kruskal-Wallis, Chi-square, Kappa, Mann-Whitney tests and logistic regression were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: 75% of total sample had enamel defects. There was a major prevalence of hypoplasia of the enamel in G1 (p<0.001). There was a significant relationship between low weight and presence of the imperfections on the enamel in G1 on the primary dentition. The logistic regression model showed that the other risk factors such as monthly per capita family income, educational level, dietary and hygiene habits, fluoride exposure, trauma, and diseases were not associated with enamel defects and caries. CONCLUSIONS: Pre-term labor can be a predisposing factor for the presence of the enamel hypoplasia in the primary dentition

Prevalence of developmental defects of enamel in children and adolescents with asthma Prevalência de defeitos do desenvolvimento do esmalte dentário em crianças e adolescentes com asma

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of developmental defects of enamel (DDEs) in relation to asthma severity, symptom onset and pharmacological treatment in pediatric asthma patients. METHODS: Children and adolescents (68 asthma patients and 68 controls), 5-15 years of age and residents of the city of Londrina, Brazil, were enrolled in the study. Medical and dental histories were collected through the use of a structured questionnaire. Each participant underwent a dental examination in which the examiner employed the DDE index. RESULTS: Of the 68 asthma group subjects, 61 (89.7%) presented dental enamel defects, compared with only 26 (38.2%) of those in the control group. Using multivariate logistic regression analysis, we estimated the risk of DDEs in permanent dentition to be 11 times higher in pediatric subjects with asthma than in those without (OR = 11.88, p = 0.0001). The occurrence of dental enamel defects correlated with greater asthma severity (p = 0.0001) and earlier symptom onset (p = 0.0001). However, dental enamel defects did not correlate with the initiation of treatment (p = 0.08) or the frequency of medication use (p = 0.93). CONCLUSIONS: Pediatric patients with severe, early-onset asthma are at increased risk of dental enamel defects and therefore require priority dental care.<br>OBJETIVO: Avaliou-se a prevalência de developmental defects of enamel (DDEs, defeitos de desenvolvimento do esmalte dentário) em pacientes pediátricos com asma e sua relação com a severidade da asma, o início dos sintomas e o tratamento medicamentoso. MÉTODOS: Os participantes do estudo eram residentes do município de Londrina (PR), com 5 a 15 anos, sendo 68 asmáticos e 68 controles. Foram levantados dados retrospectivos da história médica e de saúde bucal da população do estudo através de um questionário estruturado. Todos os participantes foram submetidos a um exame dental. Para a avaliação dos defeitos de desenvolvimento do esmalte dentário, utilizou-se o Índice DDE. RESULTADOS: Neste estudo, foi observado que 61 (89,7%) dos 68 pacientes asmáticos apresentavam defeitos de desenvolvimento do esmalte dentário quando comparado à ocorrência em 26 (38,2%) dos no grupo controle. Através da análise multivariada por regressão logística, foi observado que um paciente pediátrico com asma apresenta risco aumentado em 11 vezes para o aparecimento de defeitos de desenvolvimento do esmalte em dentes permanentes (OR = 11,88, p = 0,0001). Além disso, foi observado uma associação entre defeitos do esmalte dentário e maior severidade da asma (p = 0,0001) e início dos sintomas mais precoce (p = 0,0001). Não se observou associação entre o início do tratamento (p = 0,08) ou frequência de uso da medicação (p = 0,93) com o aparecimento de defeitos de desenvolvimento do esmalte dentário. CONCLUSÕES: Pacientes pediátricos com asma apresentam risco aumentado para a ocorrência de defeitos de desenvolvimento do esmalte dentário relacionado à severidade da asma e início dos sintomas e, portanto, necessitam de atenção odontológica prioritária