Presencia de Anagrus flaveolus en la Argentina parasitoide de un insecto dañino del trigo y maíz (Insecta - Hymenoptera - Mymaridae)

p.19-23Se cita por primera vez pora la fauna argentina al mimárido Anagrus flaveolus Waterhouse, 1913. Se trata de una especie de amplia distribución que tiene como hospedadores a posturas de varias especies de homópteros de las familias Detphacidae, Cercopidae y Cicadellidae. Lo hemos criado a partir de posturas de Delphacodes haywardi Muir, 1929, depositadas en plantas de trigo (Tritricum aestivum L.). En la presente contribución se evaluó el porcentaje de parasitoidismo de esta especie en campos de trigo sobre los huevos del delfácido antes mencionado y el mismo parámetro fue medido en condiciones de laboratorio. Se registró la duración de su ciclo de vida y se realizaron pruebas para observar su comportamiento frente a posturas de otros homópteros auquenorrincos, de ellas se comprobó que A. flaveolus parasitoidiza en condiciones de laboratorio a los huevos de Amplicephalus simpliciusculus Linnavouri,1995 (Homóptera - Deltocephalinae)

Sobre dos encirtidos parasitoides de driinidos en la República Argentina (insecta Hymenoptera)

Se tratan aquí dos especies conocidas: Cheiloneurus bonariensis (De Santis, 1988) y Helegonatopus pseudophanes (Perkins, 1906)Academia Nacional de Agronomía y Veterinari

Sobre dos encirtidos parasitoides de driinidos en la República Argentina (insecta Hymenoptera)

Se tratan aquí dos especies conocidas: Cheiloneurus bonariensis (De Santis, 1988) y Helegonatopus pseudophanes (Perkins, 1906)Academia Nacional de Agronomía y Veterinari

On two encyrtids parasitoids of dryinids in Argentina (Insecta, Hymenoptera)

In this contribution the bionomy of Cheiloneurus bonariensis De Santis, 1988, is described for the first time and new data is presented on the life-cycle and behaviour of Helegonatopus pseudophanes Perkins, 1906 in Argentina. Both species have been collected and reared from dryinid larvae and prepupae which are regarded benefic as predators and/ or parasitoids of Homoptera Auchenorrhyncha.Se estudia por primera vez la bionomía de Cheiloneurus bonariensis De Santis, 1988, y se aportan datos referidos al ciclo de vida y comportamiento de Helegonatopus pseudophanes Perkins, 1906, en la República Argentina. Ambos parasitoidizan larvas y prepupas de driínidos, benéficos que se comportan como depredadores y/o parasitoides de homópteros auquenorrincos. Se citan por primera vez para laf aúna argentina a los himenópteros driínidos Gonatopus flavipes Olmi, 1984 y Pseudogonatopus flavus Olmi, 1984.Academia Nacional de Agronomía y Veterinari

Presence of Anagrus flaveolus in Argentina, parasitoid of an insect injurious to wheat and corn (Insecta - hymenoptera - mymaridae)

Se cita por primera vez para la fauna argentina al mimárido Anagrus flaveolus Waterhouse, 1913. Se trata de una especie de amplia distribución que tiene como hospedadores a posturas de varias especies de homópteros de las familias Delphacidae, Cercopidae y Cicadellidae. Lo hemos criado a partir de posturas de Delphacodes hay ward i Muir, 1929, depositadas en plantas de trigo (Tritricum aestivum L.). En la presente contribución se evaluó el porcentaje de parasitoidismo de esta especie en campos de trigo sobre los huevos del delfácido antes mencionado y el mismo parámetro fue medido en condiciones de laboratorio. Se registró la duración de su ciclo de vida y se realizaron pruebas para observar su comportamiento frente a posturas de otros homópteros auquenorrincos, de ellas se comprobó que A. flaveolus parasitoidiza en condiciones de laboratorio a los huevos de Amplicephalus simpliciusculus Linnavouri,1995 (Homóptera - Deltocephalinae).The widespread mymarid species Anagrus flaveolus Waterhouse, 1913 is recorded from Argentina for the first time. It was found parasitoidizing eggs of the planthopper Delphacodes haywardi Muir, 1929, laid in wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.) in Buenos Aires Province. The parasitoidism percentage has been evaluated under field conditions in wheat crops, on eggs of the planthopper cited above. This same parameter has been measured in reared specimens under laboratory conditions, recording the life-cicle duration. Different essays have been carried out in order to determinate its preference behaviour when placed whit two cicadelis species: Syncharina punctantissima (Signoret, 1854) and Plesiomatta mollicella (Fowler, 1900) and two leafhoppers: Exitianus obscurinervis (Stal, 1859) and Amplicephlus simpliciusculus Linnavuori, 1995; this resulted in a strong prefernce for eggs of A. simpliciusculus, from which imagoes were obtained.Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Muse

First biological data of Ceresa nigripectus (Hemiptera: Membracidae), a common treehopper on alfalfa crops in Argentina

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.; Fabaceae) is essential for argentinean agricultural development, but diseases like "witches' broom', caused by the ArAWB phytoplasma, are limiting factors for the production of this crop. Insects that visit alfalfa have been poorly studied. The treehopper, Ceresa nigripectus Remes Lenicov (Hemiptera: Membracidae) is very frequent in alfalfa crops; ArAWB was detected in several individuals of this treehopper, but the ability of this species to transmit the pathogen has not yet been demonstrated. The Membracidae family is a poorly studied group in Argentina. No data on the biology of C. nigripectus are available, and therefore the aim of this contribution is to provide information on its behavioral and biological parameters as a first step toward its control. The studies were conducted in the laboratory under controlled conditions. Ceresa nigripectus populations were maintained on healthy alfalfa plants; the treehoppers were checked daily, the occurrence of molts was noted, and diverse aspects of nymphal and adult behavior were also recorded. A life table was built combining the observational data from 7 cohorts. Oviposition sites were characterized by dissecting plants and through staining methods. Ceresa nigripectus could complete its life cycle entirely by using only alfalfa as a host. Females do not tend their broods. Eggs are laid individually and rarely 2 or 3 were found in the same slit. Eggs were located in the stems, in the nodes (in the axils of the leaves) or in the internodal space, between the epidermis and cortical tissues. The pre-ovipositional period was about 6 days, and the average duration of the egg stage was 20 days. The duration of nymphal period was variable, between 32 to 63 days, with a mean of 45 days. Two periods of high mortality were recognized, i.e., in the first instar, and during the second week of the adult stage. Longevity of adults averaged 61 days, but some individuals survived up to 202 days; females lived longer than males. In laboratory colonies, the sex ratio was about 1.3:1 females:males. All the developmental stages of the treehopper were tended by the ant Camponotus punctulatus Mayr. Data regarding behavioral aspects and new distributional information are also provided.La alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.; Fabaceae) es esencial para el desarrollo de la agricultura argentina y enfermedades como la “escoba de bruja”, causada por el fitoplasma ArAWB, son un factor limitante para la producción del cultivo. La fauna que visita este forraje ha sido escasamente estudiada en Argentina. Ceresa nigripectus Remes Lenicov es muy frecuente en alfalfa; estudios de laboratorio verificaron la presencia del ArAWB, pero su capacidad para transmitir la enfermedad todavía no ha sido demostrada. Membracidae es un grupo poco estudiado en el país, no hay datos sobre la biología de C. nigripectus y por ello el objetivo de esta contribución es proporcionar información sobre sus parámetros biológicos y comportamentales. Los estudios se realizaron en laboratorio bajo condiciones controladas. C. nigripectus se mantuvo sobre plantas sanas de alfalfa y para estudiar el ciclo de vida, los individuos fueron controlados diariamente observando presencia de mudas; aspectos del comportamiento de ninfas y adultos también fueron registrados. Se construyó una tabla de vida mediante la combinación de datos obtenidos en siete cohortes. La localización de posturas se realizó por disección de las plantas y a través de métodos de tinción. Esta especie es capaz de completar todo su ciclo de vida sobre alfalfa. Se estableció que las hembras de C. nigripectus no atienden a su progenie. Los huevos son depositados individualmente y pocas veces se encontraron dos o tres en la misma postura, la que se encuentra principalmente en los nudos (en las axilas de las hojas) o en el entrenudo (entre la epidermis y tejidos corticales). El período de pre-oviposición es corto (seis días) y la duración promedio del estado de huevo es 20 días. El período ninfal es variable, entre 32 y 63 días, con una media de 45 días. Se reconocieron dos períodos de alta mortalidad: el primer estadío ninfal, y durante la segunda semana de vida de los adultos. La longevidad promedió 61 días, pero algunos individuos vivieron hasta 202 días; las hembras viven más que los machos. En laboratorio, la proporción de sexos es aproximadamente 1,3:1 hembras:machos. Tanto ninfas como adulto son atendidos por la hormiga Camponotus punctulatus Mayr. Se proporcionan también datos relativos al comportamiento y distribución de la especie.Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Muse

First biological data of Ceresa nigripectus (Hemiptera: Membracidae), a common treehopper on alfalfa crops in Argentina

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.; Fabaceae) is essential for argentinean agricultural development, but diseases like "witches' broom', caused by the ArAWB phytoplasma, are limiting factors for the production of this crop. Insects that visit alfalfa have been poorly studied. The treehopper, Ceresa nigripectus Remes Lenicov (Hemiptera: Membracidae) is very frequent in alfalfa crops; ArAWB was detected in several individuals of this treehopper, but the ability of this species to transmit the pathogen has not yet been demonstrated. The Membracidae family is a poorly studied group in Argentina. No data on the biology of C. nigripectus are available, and therefore the aim of this contribution is to provide information on its behavioral and biological parameters as a first step toward its control. The studies were conducted in the laboratory under controlled conditions. Ceresa nigripectus populations were maintained on healthy alfalfa plants; the treehoppers were checked daily, the occurrence of molts was noted, and diverse aspects of nymphal and adult behavior were also recorded. A life table was built combining the observational data from 7 cohorts. Oviposition sites were characterized by dissecting plants and through staining methods. Ceresa nigripectus could complete its life cycle entirely by using only alfalfa as a host. Females do not tend their broods. Eggs are laid individually and rarely 2 or 3 were found in the same slit. Eggs were located in the stems, in the nodes (in the axils of the leaves) or in the internodal space, between the epidermis and cortical tissues. The pre-ovipositional period was about 6 days, and the average duration of the egg stage was 20 days. The duration of nymphal period was variable, between 32 to 63 days, with a mean of 45 days. Two periods of high mortality were recognized, i.e., in the first instar, and during the second week of the adult stage. Longevity of adults averaged 61 days, but some individuals survived up to 202 days; females lived longer than males. In laboratory colonies, the sex ratio was about 1.3:1 females:males. All the developmental stages of the treehopper were tended by the ant Camponotus punctulatus Mayr. Data regarding behavioral aspects and new distributional information are also provided.La alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.; Fabaceae) es esencial para el desarrollo de la agricultura argentina y enfermedades como la “escoba de bruja”, causada por el fitoplasma ArAWB, son un factor limitante para la producción del cultivo. La fauna que visita este forraje ha sido escasamente estudiada en Argentina. Ceresa nigripectus Remes Lenicov es muy frecuente en alfalfa; estudios de laboratorio verificaron la presencia del ArAWB, pero su capacidad para transmitir la enfermedad todavía no ha sido demostrada. Membracidae es un grupo poco estudiado en el país, no hay datos sobre la biología de C. nigripectus y por ello el objetivo de esta contribución es proporcionar información sobre sus parámetros biológicos y comportamentales. Los estudios se realizaron en laboratorio bajo condiciones controladas. C. nigripectus se mantuvo sobre plantas sanas de alfalfa y para estudiar el ciclo de vida, los individuos fueron controlados diariamente observando presencia de mudas; aspectos del comportamiento de ninfas y adultos también fueron registrados. Se construyó una tabla de vida mediante la combinación de datos obtenidos en siete cohortes. La localización de posturas se realizó por disección de las plantas y a través de métodos de tinción. Esta especie es capaz de completar todo su ciclo de vida sobre alfalfa. Se estableció que las hembras de C. nigripectus no atienden a su progenie. Los huevos son depositados individualmente y pocas veces se encontraron dos o tres en la misma postura, la que se encuentra principalmente en los nudos (en las axilas de las hojas) o en el entrenudo (entre la epidermis y tejidos corticales). El período de pre-oviposición es corto (seis días) y la duración promedio del estado de huevo es 20 días. El período ninfal es variable, entre 32 y 63 días, con una media de 45 días. Se reconocieron dos períodos de alta mortalidad: el primer estadío ninfal, y durante la segunda semana de vida de los adultos. La longevidad promedió 61 días, pero algunos individuos vivieron hasta 202 días; las hembras viven más que los machos. En laboratorio, la proporción de sexos es aproximadamente 1,3:1 hembras:machos. Tanto ninfas como adulto son atendidos por la hormiga Camponotus punctulatus Mayr. Se proporcionan también datos relativos al comportamiento y distribución de la especie.Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Muse

Capacity gaps in land-based mitigation technologies and practices: A first stock take

Land-based mitigation technologies and practices (LMTs) reduce GHG emissions associated with land use and/or enhance terrestrial GHG sinks. This article investigates capacity gaps to successfully facilitate LMT adoption and/or scaling in the regions of Latin America, Europe, North America, sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia. We look at LMTs such as agricultural land management, agroforestry, bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS), biochar, forest management, and peat/wetland management. We used a triangulation method based on literature review, an online survey, and semi-structured interviews with experts from Academia, Industry, NGOs, Local Communities and Government, to capture and analyze the most prominent capacity gaps by LMT and according to regional contexts. This approach identified ‘understanding’, ‘awareness’ and ‘economic/finance’ as the most important capacity gaps when it comes to LMT adoption and scaling across the aforementioned regions. A recommended first step for increased LMT adoption would be to address the knowledge and understanding capacity gaps, which, in turn, could help make LMTs more attractive to stakeholders. Policymakers in cooper- ation with other stakeholders might reflect on dedicated support policies and regulatory frameworks that level the playing field for LMTs (as compared to mitigation technologies and practices in energy and other sectors). Other good practice examples include market building for LMTs, using emerging carbon markets, designing bottom-up implementation plans in cooperation with local and Indigenous Peoples, increased ecosystems ser- vices payments and taking into consideration local and traditional knowledge for successful LMT adoption and scaling

Carbon Supported Metal Carbide Catalysts for the Reduction of Carbon Dioxide

Development of active and selective catalysts for the conversion of CO2 into valuable products is a promising strategy for reducing the environmental impact of CO2 released from the use of fossil fuels. The manufacture of these catalysts should also consider the use of waste materials and reduction of chemicals needed to decrease energy and resource consumption while being economically feasible. The aim of this research was to prepare a molybdenum-carbide catalyst from petroleum coke (petcoke), an abundant waste material from oil refining, with comparable activity and selectivity to other catalysts studied for the reduction of CO2 by H2. The process of converting petcoke into a catalyst involved increasing its porosity and carburizing added Mo using microwaves or electrical heating, focused on eliminating the need for methane and/or hydrogen for its preparation. Due to pyrophoricity risks, a multiple-test rig was built to study the catalysts preventing their exposure to air or passivation gases. The petcoke-based carbon prepared had higher surface areas and pore volumes (~2000 m2/g and > 1 cm3/g) than other commercial carbons (1000-700 m2/g and ~0.5 cm3/g) which enhanced the catalytic performance towards CO2 reduction. Microwave-assisted synthesis reduced the carbide preparation time from 15 h to 8 min. However, the resulting samples showed low CO2 conversion between 1.6-1.2 %. The catalysts prepared using a furnace showed a maximum CO2 conversion of 5.2 % and selectivity towards CO above 95.8 % after 24 h of reaction comparable to that previously reported for Pt based catalysts. Further investigations evaluated the improvement of the catalyst by re-using the petcoke activation chemical as a promoter. Alkali from petcoke activation with KOH moderately improved CO selectivity (97.4 % to 99.5 %) and stability (deactivation from 34 % to 26%) but decreased CO2 conversion by 2 %. Probable site blockage at high loadings of potassium (~5 wt%) indicate that further washing is needed to decrease the potassium concentration and maximize the promotion effect. The findings from this thesis provided insights on the preparation methods of Mo2C catalysts and alternative technologies for CO2 capture and re-utilization that is becoming a major cost in the energy sector

Community-Based Environmental Monitoring (CBEM) for Meaningful Incorporation of Indigenous and Local Knowledge Within the Context of the Canadian Northern Corridor Program

Meaningful incorporation of Indigenous and local knowledge (ILK) in climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts is key to accelerating effective action plans. This study argues that community-based environmental monitoring (CBEM), if done properly, can be more effective in incorporating ILK than environmental impact and monitoring based only on Western science. The paper examines successful elements, benefits, challenges and limitations in the existing CBEM studies that incorporate ILK to recognize how to design comprehensive CBEM policy for large-scale infrastructure projects such as the Canadian Northern Corridor (CNC) concept. Based on a proposed framework for CBEM implementation (CBEM-IF), the study examines three Canadian CBEM case studies: berry pollution monitoring (AB), water quality monitoring (AB, BC, NWT, NT, SK and YT) and caribou monitoring (QC and NL), to evaluate lessons learned and to inform future CNC policy development. This study illustrates how knowledge co-production provides more opportunities for actions in sustainable development and incorporates emotional and spiritual components that entail different conceptualizations of human-nature connectedness. CBEM facilitates the incorporation of ILK and science, engages community members in the monitoring process and produces research outcomes which stakeholders perceive as more legitimate and relevant. CBEM can be a powerful tool in land-use conflict resolution, and it represents an inexpensive approach to monitoring the Arctic and near-North. Indigenous leadership, technology incorporation and equal partnership with communities, and availability of institutional guidelines were identified as required to enable the proper implementation of CBEM programs within the CNC. However, certain limitations of CBEM include lack of policy and guidelines; high reliance on volunteers; lack of standardized methods; focus on specific types of a landscape; general issues with TEK incorporation into science; and policy issues due to the incommensurabilityof Western science and the ILK epistemologies. Such challenges can be generalized as technical, organizational, financial and environmental issues and can be addressed by applying successful elements from previous international and Canadian CBEM studies. The authors suggest a series of policy recommendations to enable the implementation of CBEM as a means for meaningful incorporation of ILK on sustainable development projects and the CNC