Optimización de la dosis de oligogalacturónidos en la propagación vegetativa de dos clones de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.), bajo condiciones controladas en vivero

La baja eficiencia de la propagación vegetativa del cacao a partir de esquejes obliga al uso de enraizantes. Esto motivó un estudio cuyo objetivo fue: optimizar la dosis de oligogalacturónidos en la propagación vegetativa de dos clones de cacao en condiciones controladas en vivero. Se aplicaron oligogalacturónidos en dosis: 0, 10, 50 y 100 mg L-1 y un enraizante químico (compuesto de: nitrógeno 7%, fosforo 45%, potasio 5%, boro 0.1%, activadores metabólicos 3% y algas marinas 10%) por inmersión en la base del esqueje. Los clones probados fueron CCN-51 y EET-801. Se evaluaron las variables: número de hojas, número de raíces, fracción radical, biomasa fresca de hojas, biomasa fresca de raíces, biomasa seca de hojas, biomasa seca de raíces, biomasa seca del tallo e índice de plantas regeneradas. Los resultados indicaron que las dosis de 50 y 100 mg L-1 mostraron los mayores efectos sobre número de hojas (NH), fracción radical (FR), biomasa seca de la hoja (BSH) y biomasa seca del tallo (BST). El clon CCN-521 mostro el mayor NH, FR, BSH y BST que EET-801 (P < 0.05). En número de raíces (NR), biomasa fresca de la raíz (BFR), biomasa seca de la raíz (BSR), biomasa fresca de la hoja (BFH) y el índice de plantas regeneradas (IPR), los clones fueron los mismos. El IPR tuvo correlación positiva con las demás variables (P < 0.05). Usando 85 mg L-1 del enraizante químico se puede lograr una IPR de 49.1%. El IPR se puede predecir en base a las variables BFR y BFH con R2=0.96

Economic profitability analysis of husk tomato (Physalis ixocarpa Brot. ex Hornem.) under different silicon dioxide concentrations

Objective: Evaluate doses of foliar and soil fertilization with silicon dioxide on the economic profitability of the cultivation of husk tomato cv. 'Querétaro' under plastic and macro-tunnel padding conditions. Design/Methodology/Approach: 10 treatments were evaluated under different concentrations of silicon dioxide soil and foliar application: T1: Treatment control (T), T2: Fertilization with silicon dioxide 20, 40, 60 g to the soil and 100, 150 and 200 ppm foliar (S20/100F), T3: S20/150F, T4: S20/200F, T5: S40/100F, T6: S40/150F, T7: S40/200F, T8: S60/100F, T9: S60/150F and T10: S60/200, distributed in random blocks. Economic profitability indicators such as Benefit | Cost Ratio (B/C), Net Present Value (VAN) and Internal Rate of Return (TIR) were determined. Results: The investigation established that S60/150F was the treatment with the highest economic profitability because it promoted the highest production per hectare, which was reflected in the VAN ($336,932.97 MN), the TIR (77.3$ 1.16 MN. Also treatments S40/200F and S60/100F (where SiO2 was applied) presented positive cash flows unlike T. Limitations of the study/implications: With all research laboratories closed as a result of COVID-19 pandemic, no evidence related to the contribution of foliar and soil silicon bioassay has been verified. Findings/Conclusions: The use of SiO2 leads to an appreciable rebound in the financial aspect, being of vital importance to include economic studies to consummate an efficient management of the capital available to establish a crop whose productivity in the field is profitable for the producers.Objective: To evaluate the effect of different doses of foliar and soil silicon dioxide fertilization on the economic profitability of husk tomato (Physalis ixocarpa Brot. ex Hornem.) cv. 'Querétaro' cultivation under plastic paddings and macro-tunnel conditions. Design/methodology/approach: Ten treatments were evaluated at different concentrations of silicon dioxide fertilization on soil and foliar application: T1: Control treatment (T), T2: Fertilization with silicon dioxide 20, 40, 60 g on soil and 100, 150, and 200 ppm foliar (S20/100F), T3: S20/150F, T4: S20/200F, T5: S40/100F, T6: S40/150F, T7: S40/200F, T8: S60/100F, T9: S60/150F and T10: S60/200, distributed in random blocks. Economic profitability indicators such as Benefit/Cost ratio (B/C), Net Present Value (NPV), and Internal Rate of Return (IRR) were determined. Results: The research established that the S60/150F treatment was the one with the highest economic profitability because it promoted the highest production per hectare, which was reflected in the NPV (MX$336,932.97 pesos), the IRR (77.3$ 1.16 pesos. Also, treatments S40/200F and S60/100F (where SiO2 was applied) reported positive cash flow, unlike the T. Limitations of the study/implications: With all research facilities closed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, no evidence related to the contribution of foliar and soil silicon bioassay has been verified. Findings/conclusions: Using SiO2 leads to a financial appreciable rebound of vital importance to be included in economic studies to facilitate the efficient management of the available capital to establish a crop whose field productivity is profitable for the producers

Morpho-physiological Characteristics of Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) under NaCl-stress and Rhizophagus fasciculatum as NaCl-stress Mitigator

Salinity stress is one of the main problems limiting growth and development of cultivated species. The objective of this study was to assess NaCl-stress basil plants (Ocimum basilicum L.) cv. ‘Nufar’ and to determine whether the mitigating effect of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus strain (AMF). A completely randomized factorial design was used considering three NaCl concentration (0, 50 and 100 mM) as factor 1 and presence or absence of AMF (0 and 10 g of inoculum) as factor 2, with four replicates per treatment and four plants per repetition. The assessed response variables were, fresh and dry of aerial part and root, root length, leaf area, relative water content, water potential, plant height, number of spores and mycorrhizal colonization percentage after 20 and 50 days (T20, T50) of the experiment. The results showed greater values in all variables in the control group (0 mM NaCl) than in plants inoculated with R. fasciculatum with T20 and T50; although values decreased as NaCl concentration increased; the tendency to increase was maintained even in at 50 and 100 mM of NaCl with AMF with respect to 50 and 100 mM NaCl without AMF. The AMF colonization percentage decreased as NaCl concentration increased. Nonetheless, the development and growth response for all variables in the inoculated plants with AMF was greater vs non-inoculated, which suggests that basil plant inoculation with AMF has a positive effect in mitigating NaCl stress

Hongos Fitopatógenos Asociados Al Tomate (Solanum Lycopersicum L.) En La Zona Árida Del Noroeste De México: La Importancia De Su Diagnóstico

Tomato crops are among the most important vegetables cultivated worldwide, Mexico being one of the major producing countries. Large quantity of this crop is found in states belonging to the arid northwest of the country; the adaptation of these regions to vegetable production has been significant with the support of agricultural technology due to the use of protective structures for plants, such as greenhouses and shaded mesh. However, pests and diseases are a major biotic factor that significantly reduces production. There are more than 200 diseases associated with the nightshade of various etiologies. The process of identifying the cause of a disease in plants is called diagnosis. The diagnosis of plant diseases has been described as an art and a science; it requires scientific knowledge of plant pathology and related disciplines. Effective disease control requires making the best possible decisions to reduce the risk of serious production losses. Control strategies based on prevention of disease and methods that slow the spread of such diseases. Therefore, proper management of diseases affecting the tomato crop, knowledge and understanding of the diagnosis and its infectious cycle is vital and to establish effective control measures

Evaluación de lixiviado en la producción de fresas, acelgas y lechuga de bola bajo un sistema orgánico / Evaluation of lixiviate in the production of strawberries, chard and ball lettuce under an organic system

Tomando en consideración la provisión de nutrimentos requerida en cultivos hortícolas mediante la adición de materias orgánicas naturales, el objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el efecto de un lixiviado a base de heces equinas sobre el crecimiento y producción de fresas, acelgas y lechuga de bola bajo un sistema orgánico. Se utilizó un diseño experimental en bloques al azar con dos tratamientos: T1 Testigo absoluto (TA) y T2 Lixiviado de heces equinas (LU) distribuidos en tres bloques con 50 repeticiones. En el cultivo de fresas se evaluó número de hojas, flores y frutos a los 83 días después del trasplante, mientras que en acelga y lechuga de bola se determinó altura de la planta, número de hojas y peso fresco. Los resultados obtenidos se valorizaron mediante la Prueba t para muestras independientes (distribución t de Student) con un nivel de significancia del 5% (α= 0.05). El análisis estadístico reveló diferencias altamente significativas (P≤0.001) para las variables evaluadas en el cultivo de fresa, siendo LU el mejor tratamiento para número de hojas, flores y frutos, con incrementos respectivos de 46.29 %, 32.75 % y 40.62 % en comparación con TA. Por otro lado, LU también incrementó la altura (45.00 %) y número de hojas (79.20 %) en acelga en comparación con TA, mientras que en lechuga de bola se observó la misma tendencia cuando no se aplicó este lixiviado: &gt;64.47 % en altura y &gt;40.59 % en peso fresco con respecto a TA (P≤0.05). Se concluye que el mejor tratamiento en estos cultivos hortícolas fue LU, siendo una alternativa elegible como abono orgánico en sustitución de los fertilizantes inorgánicos

Biofortificación con Silicio en el Crecimiento y Rendimiento de Pimiento (Capsicum annuum L.) en Ambiente Controlado

En la actualidad existe una alta demanda de los mercados mundiales de pimientos (Capsicum annuum). Sin embargo, los problemas nutricionales y patogénicos reducen la producción. El uso de silicio es una alternativa para mejorar las características fitosanitarias y productivas del cultivo de pimiento. En este contexto, el objetivo fue evaluar el efecto del silicio en el crecimiento y rendimiento del cultivo en condiciones controladas. El estudio se realizó en el invernadero de la Facultad de Ciencias Pecuarias y Biológicas ó Agrarias y Forestales “La María”, el diseño experimental fue un completamente al azar (DCA) donde se aplicaron diferentes concentraciones de silicio: T1: 10 g, T2: 12 g, T3: 14 g planta-1 respectivamente, T4: Control agricultor y T5: Control absoluto. Durante cuatro semanas consecutivas se evaluó la altura de la planta, finalmente a los 90 días se evaluaron número de frutos y peso del fruto productivas. La aplicación de 10 g de silicio planta-1 incrementó el crecimiento de las plantas en 12 cm respecto al control absoluto y el rendimiento agrícola con valores promedios de 24 662 kg ha-1 en comparación al resto de los tratamientos

Flavonoids quantification in Acer negundo L., extracts by hplc analysis

a) objective: The objective of this work was to identify and quantify flavonoids from leaf and stem extracts of Acer negundo by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. b) design / methodology / approach: Ethanolic extracts of Acer negundo were subjected to High-Performance Liquid Chromatography for the quantification and identification of the main antioxidant flavonoids. c) results: In leaf extracts the highest concentrations were for rutin (34.19 µg/mL) and catechin (33.97 µg/mL); in mean concentration apigenin (19.05 µg/mL), gallic acid (19. 04 µg/mL), ferulic acid (17.2 µg/mL) and 2.5 dihydroxybenzoic acid (12.72 µg/mL); and in lower concentration caffeic acid (6.15 µg/mL), quercetin-3-?-glucoside (4.97 µg/mL) and isorhamnetin (4.68 µg/mL). In the stem extracts the highest concentrations were for ferulic acid (7.96 µg/mL), rutin (5.61 µg/mL) and catechin (4.37 µg/mL); at the medium concentration isorhamnetin (3.31 µg/mL) and quercetin-3-?-glucoside (2.01 µg/mL) were identified and at the lowest concentration apigenin (0.79 µg/mL) was identified but gallic acid, caffeic acid and 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid were not detected. d) limitations/implications: Some flavonoids have been identified in other Acer species, but have not been identified and quantified in Acer negundo, a Mexican species. e) findings/conclusions: For the first time we report on gentisic acid in Acer negundo leaf extracts. This analytical method can be standardized to serve as a quality analysis of maple tree products.Objective: The identify and quantify, by high performance liquid chromatography,Nflavonoids from leaf and stem extracts of Acer negundo.Design/methodology/approach: Ethanolic extracts of Acer negundo were analysed with high performance liquid chromatography to quantify and identify their major antioxidant flavonoids.Results: Leaf extracts had high concentrations of rutin (34.19 µg/mL) and catechin (33.97 µg/mL), intermediate concentrations of apigenin (19.05 µg/mL), gallic acid (19.04 µg/mL), ferulic acid (17.2 µg/mL) and 2.5 dihydroxybenzoic acid (12.72 µg/mL), and low concentrations of caffeic acid (6.15 µg/mL), quercetin-3-β-glucoside (4.97 µg/mL) and isorhamnetin (4.68 µg/mL). In the stem´s extracts, the highest concentrations were of ferulic acid (7.96 µg/mL), rutin (5.61 µg/mL) and catechin (4.37 µg/mL); medium concentration were identified for isorhamnetin (3.31 µg/mL) and quercetin-3-β-glucoside (2.01 µg/mL) and apigenin (0.79 µg/mL) was identified at the low concentrations. Gallic acid, caffeic acid or 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid were not detected.Limitations/implications: Some flavonoids have been identified in other Acer species but have not been identified and quantified in Acer negundo, a Mexicanspecies.Findings/conclusions: For the first time we report gentisic acid in Acer negundo leaf extracts. This analytical method can be standardized to serve as a qualityanalysis of maple tree products