OS IMPACTOS DA DESINFORMAÇÃO SOBRE A TOXOPLASMOSE NA GRAVIDEZ: FORMAS DE TRANSMISSÃO, PREVENÇÃO E TRATAMENTO

Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is an obligatory intracellular parasite whose life cycle involves cats as primary hosts and other mammals, including humans, as intermediate hosts. Transmission occurs mainly through the ingestion of contaminated food or contact with infected cat feces. The prevalence of toxoplasmosis varies globally, being more common in tropical regions and correlated with socioeconomic conditions. It is estimated that up to 30% of the world's population has been exposed to the parasite, and studies in Brazil indicate a significant prevalence among pregnant women. T. gondii infection during pregnancy can result in complications for the fetus, such as retinal disease, with consequences that may persist into adulthood. Diagnosis and treatment of congenital toxoplasmosis are essential to mitigate these adverse effects. This study conducted an integrative literature review, using the PICo strategy to investigate the impacts of misinformation on toxoplasmosis in pregnant women. The research was conducted in databases such as MEDLINE, LILACS, and Nursing Database, resulting in a selection of 13 articles for analysis. The results highlight the importance of T. gondii serology during prenatal care and regular monitoring of pregnant women to detect possible acute infections. Treatment, when necessary, should be promptly initiated to reduce vertical transmission and the severity of congenital disease. Furthermore, the lack of adequate preventive guidance for susceptible pregnant women underscores the need for capacity building of healthcare professionals to provide relevant hygienic and dietary information. In conclusion, toxoplasmosis during pregnancy represents a significant public health concern, requiring effective prevention measures and access to proper healthcare. Public awareness and investment in ongoing research are essential to reduce the incidence of congenital toxoplasmosis and ensure better outcomes for mothers and babies. Keywords: Toxoplasma gondii, toxoplasmosis, pregnancy, vertical transmission, prevention, treatment, maternal health.Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) es un parásito intracelular obligado cuyo ciclo de vida implica a los gatos como huéspedes primarios y a otros mamíferos, incluidos los humanos, como huéspedes intermedios. La transmisión ocurre principalmente a través de la ingestión de alimentos contaminados o el contacto con heces de gatos infectados. La prevalencia de la toxoplasmosis varía a nivel mundial, siendo más común en regiones tropicales y correlacionada con condiciones socioeconómicas. Se estima que hasta el 30% de la población mundial ha estado expuesta al parásito, y estudios en Brasil indican una prevalencia significativa entre mujeres embarazadas. La infección por T. gondii durante el embarazo puede provocar complicaciones para el feto, como enfermedad retiniana, con consecuencias que pueden persistir hasta la edad adulta. El diagnóstico y tratamiento de la toxoplasmosis congénita son fundamentales para mitigar estos efectos adversos. Este estudio realizó una revisión bibliográfica integrativa, utilizando la estrategia PICo para investigar los impactos de la desinformación sobre la toxoplasmosis en mujeres embarazadas. La investigación se llevó a cabo en bases de datos como MEDLINE, LILACS y la Base de Datos de Enfermería, lo que resultó en una selección de 13 artículos para su análisis. Los resultados destacan la importancia de la serología para T. gondii durante la atención prenatal y el monitoreo regular de las mujeres embarazadas para detectar posibles infecciones agudas. El tratamiento, cuando es necesario, debe iniciarse rápidamente para reducir la transmisión vertical y la gravedad de la enfermedad congénita. Además, la falta de orientación preventiva adecuada para mujeres embarazadas susceptibles subraya la necesidad de capacitar a los profesionales de la salud para proporcionar información relevante sobre higiene y dieta. En conclusión, la toxoplasmosis durante el embarazo representa una preocupación importante para la salud pública, que requiere medidas de prevención efectivas y acceso a atención médica adecuada. La concienciación pública y la inversión en investigación continua son fundamentales para reducir la incidencia de toxoplasmosis congénita y garantizar mejores resultados para las madres y los bebés.O Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) é um parasita intracelular obrigatório cujo ciclo de vida envolve gatos como hospedeiros primários e outros mamíferos, incluindo humanos, como hospedeiros intermediários. A transmissão ocorre principalmente pela ingestão de alimentos contaminados ou contato com fezes de gatos infectados. A prevalência da toxoplasmose varia globalmente, sendo mais comum em regiões tropicais e correlacionada com condições socioeconômicas. Estima-se que até 30% da população mundial já tenha entrado em contato com o parasita, e estudos no Brasil indicam uma prevalência significativa entre gestantes. A infecção por T. gondii durante a gestação pode resultar em complicações para o feto, como doença retiniana, com consequências que podem persistir até a idade adulta. O diagnóstico e tratamento da toxoplasmose congênita são essenciais para mitigar esses efeitos adversos. Este estudo realizou uma revisão integrativa da literatura, utilizando a estratégia PICo para investigar os impactos da desinformação sobre a toxoplasmose em gestantes. A pesquisa foi conduzida em bases de dados como MEDLINE, LILACS e Base de Dados de Enfermagem, resultando em uma seleção de 13 artigos para análise. Os resultados destacam a importância da sorologia para T. gondii durante o pré-natal e do monitoramento regular da gestante para detectar possíveis infecções agudas. O tratamento, quando necessário, deve ser iniciado prontamente para reduzir a transmissão vertical e a gravidade da doença congênita. Além disso, a falta de orientação preventiva adequada para gestantes suscetíveis ressalta a necessidade de capacitação dos profissionais de saúde para fornecer informações higiênicas e dietéticas pertinentes. Em conclusão, a toxoplasmose durante a gravidez representa uma preocupação significativa de saúde pública, exigindo medidas de prevenção eficazes e acesso a cuidados de saúde adequados. A conscientização pública e o investimento em pesquisa contínua são fundamentais para reduzir a incidência de toxoplasmose congênita e garantir melhores resultados para mães e bebês

Erratum to: The study of cardiovascular risk in adolescents – ERICA: rationale, design and sample characteristics of a national survey examining cardiovascular risk factor profile in Brazilian adolescents

1585

Iconografia tropical: motivos locais na arte colonial brasileira

Este artigo estuda a representação visual da natureza tropical na arte sacra do período colonial brasileiro, entre os séculos XVI e XVIII, época em que as artes visuais do país se desenvolveram no contexto do barroco introduzido pelos missionários católicos. Foi na decoração das igrejas que apareceram algumas das primeiras representações artísticas de elementos da natureza local, notadamente as frutas tropicais, produzindo novas combinações junto à tradicional ornamentação fitomórfica europeia, constituída de folhas de acantos e vinhas. Após um levantamento das ocorrências dessas manifestações da temática local na decoração dos templos presentes nas regiões nordeste e sudeste do país, este trabalho aborda, nos textos dos viajantes e missionários produzidos no período, as interpretações cristãs da natureza tropical que permitiram o aproveitamento desses motivos como parte da estratégia de pregação e conversão católica por meio da alegorização moral e religiosa da natureza do Novo Mundo.This paper studies the visual representation of local nature in the sacred art developed during the colonial period of Brazilian history. In this period, between the XVIth and the XVIIIth centuries, the visual arts in the country evolved in the context of the Baroque introduced by Catholic missionaries. It was in the decoration of the churches in which the first representations of aspects of local nature, mostly the tropical fruits, appeared in Brazilian visual arts, producing new combinations together with the traditional European phytomorphic ornamentation of acanthus leaves and grapes. This research draws upon texts written by travellers and missionaries during the period to demonstrate how the Europeans interpreted and represented tropical nature and used these representations as part of the Catholic preaching strategy by means of moral and religious allegorization of the New World nature

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

Aim: Amazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types. Location: Amazonia. Taxon: Angiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots). Methods: Data for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran\u27s eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny. Results: In the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R$^{2}$ = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R$^{2}$ = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types. Main Conclusion: Numerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

AimAmazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types.LocationAmazonia.TaxonAngiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots).MethodsData for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran's eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny.ResultsIn the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R2 = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R2 = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types.Main ConclusionNumerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Geographic patterns of tree dispersal modes in Amazonia and their ecological correlates

Aim: To investigate the geographic patterns and ecological correlates in the geographic distribution of the most common tree dispersal modes in Amazonia (endozoochory, synzoochory, anemochory and hydrochory). We examined if the proportional abundance of these dispersal modes could be explained by the availability of dispersal agents (disperser-availability hypothesis) and/or the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits (resource-availability hypothesis). Time period: Tree-inventory plots established between 1934 and 2019. Major taxa studied: Trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 9.55 cm. Location: Amazonia, here defined as the lowland rain forests of the Amazon River basin and the Guiana Shield. Methods: We assigned dispersal modes to a total of 5433 species and morphospecies within 1877 tree-inventory plots across terra-firme, seasonally flooded, and permanently flooded forests. We investigated geographic patterns in the proportional abundance of dispersal modes. We performed an abundance-weighted mean pairwise distance (MPD) test and fit generalized linear models (GLMs) to explain the geographic distribution of dispersal modes. Results: Anemochory was significantly, positively associated with mean annual wind speed, and hydrochory was significantly higher in flooded forests. Dispersal modes did not consistently show significant associations with the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits. A lower dissimilarity in dispersal modes, resulting from a higher dominance of endozoochory, occurred in terra-firme forests (excluding podzols) compared to flooded forests. Main conclusions: The disperser-availability hypothesis was well supported for abiotic dispersal modes (anemochory and hydrochory). The availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits seems an unlikely explanation for the distribution of dispersal modes in Amazonia. The association between frugivores and the proportional abundance of zoochory requires further research, as tree recruitment not only depends on dispersal vectors but also on conditions that favour or limit seedling recruitment across forest types